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• W322913918 abstract "A review of D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America. Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1984); Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (New York, Basic Books, 1987); Sherma Berger Gluck Bloc (ed), Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Women, War and Social Change (New York, Meridian, 1988); Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al (eds) Behind the Lines. Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter. Class, Gender and Propaganda during World War II (Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press, 1984); Ruth Milkman, Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation during World War II (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1987); Ruth Roach Pierson They're Still Women After All: The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood (Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1986); Michael Reuov, Hollywood's Women: Representation and Ideology (Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1988).With the exception of isolated monographs like Neil Stammers' Civil Liberties in Britain during the Second World War (1983),(1) World War II generally has not been re-appraised and re-evaluated by historians as a period of fundamental internal structural and ideological conflict. The control and internment of enemy aliens, the silencing of dissident voices, the pervasive consolidation of executive rule to the detriment of the separation of powers and nominal parliamentary democracy are not perceived as crucial defining elements in an increasingly bureaucratised and authoritarian society; rather they are portrayed as unfortunate victims in a war supposedly for `freedom and democracy'. Having proffered this generalisation, retraction must be made in one area -- `women and war'; for here, all the contradictions between the individual's liberty and the society's imperatives; between women as `angels on the hearth' and their demand in the paid workforce have been unequivocally identified and dissected by scholars over the past decade.In William Chafe's pioneering studies, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic and Social Roles (1972) and Women and Equality: Changing Patterns in American Culture (1977),(2) World War II is represented as a period of unprecedented opportunity for American women. Although Chafe acknowledges those ideological constraints which sought to keep women as the domestic angels which men collectively fought to protect, he nevertheless emphasises expanding patterns of employment and their improved status and independence. This optimistic analysis was soon challenged by scholars such as Leila J. Rupp, Karen Anderson, and Susan M. Hartmann.(3) They all stress, with varying degrees of emphasis, the manner in which a highly orchestrated propaganda campaign both encouraged women's paid employment and, simultaneously, upheld traditional gender roles.Subsequent scholarly analyses, typified by all the books under review, follow the general trends proposed by Rupp, Anderson and Hartmann. Two basic areas are explored: first, studies such as those by Gluck, Milkman, and Pierson investigate women's experience in the paid workforce, their mobilisation into essential heavy industry or the Armed Services; secondly, a discernible shift can be identified away from studying quantifiable data and economic status to a broadly defined examination of the construction of gender and its symbolic representation in popular culture, propaganda, and political discourse.This is not to propose that the structuralists are unaware of those ideological forces which mould the socio-economic system. Pierson, for instance, has a fine chapter entitled Wartime Jitters over Femininity, which explores the dilemmas of incorporating women into the armed services. Her analysis identifies these pressures as parallel tensions in the wider Canadian society. Milkman, more securely rooted in the Marxist-feminist tradition, provides an excellent overview of the debate concerning the dichotomy between domestic unpaid and paid labour. …" @default.
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• W322913918 date "1989-05-31" @default.
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• W322913918 title "North American Women and the Second World War: Transformation or Consolidation?" @default.
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