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• W323623462 abstract "Introduction: In Oxford Round Table of 2008, Religion: Politics of Peace and Conflict, we gave a presentation on theme Worldview Required for Preventing Tragedies in Periods of Paradigm Shift in terms of concrete and philosophical research and pointed out that one of causes of human tragedies between 19th and 20th centuries was monoculture produced by meritocracy, which describes nature of civilization in connection with scientific technologies. (1) In addition, as antonym of meritocracy, amitacracy was defined by looking at its theological background. (2) Accordingly, we concluded that philosophical foundations of world peace involved the awakening of existence itself as absolute duality, which was described by Kitaro Nishida [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1870-1945). (3) In this paper, we discuss various theological problems in both meritocracies and amitacracies, and seek to deepen our understanding of views of human and world in the awakening of existence itself as absolute duality. In order to do this, we contemplate historical merits and demerits of meritocracy in first section. In next section, we consider failure of social theory brought about by monoculture of meritocracy. In third section, we argue theory of amitacracy as antonym of meritocracy. In final section, we examine theological contradiction and complementarity between meritocracy and amitacracy in order to clarify true way of human development and social formation. Section One: The Historical Merits and Demerits of Meritocracy Through John D. Bernal's (1901-1971) research into history of science, it can be understood that after late 19th century, European scientists had a contributive belief for humankind that development of scientific technologies does away with material poverty and discrimination. (4) This trend can be seen in last will of Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896). (5) After end of World War II, during 1960s, scientists in Japan had enthusiasm based on scientific research and belief. All advanced countries framed scientific technology and industry as foundation of development for their own national powers. (6) The development of scientific technology in advanced countries in late 20th century is nothing short of astounding. This development can be seen in following: Table 1 Development of Scientific Technology 1. Dissemination of electrical appliances (in mid-1950s*). (7) [right arrow] Reduction of housework. 2. Development of heavy machinery and chemical products (after 1900s*). (8) [right arrow] Enhanced convenience in living environments. 3. Development of traffic network through innovation in area of transportation (1970s). (9) [right arrow] Optimization and gigantic growth of industrial systems. 4. Worldwide usage of fossil fuels (around 1900s). (10) [right arrow] Globalization of market economy. 5. Worldwide supply and demand system for food (1960s). (11) [right arrow] Avoidance of starvation caused by population growth. 6. Progress of medical technology such as organ transplant, etc (1950s). (12) [right arrow] Increasing of average life expectancy. 7. The IT revolution (1990s). (13) [right arrow] The possibility of a world federation of nations. * The periods indicated in parentheses for No. 1 and 2 express periods in which social change through technological innovation happened in Japan. Afterwards, periods indicate worldwide shifts. These great outcomes of scientific technology brought about material wealth that did not exist previously in human history and possibility of creating a world federation of nations. However, at same time, they have given rise to negative legacies in this century, including following table. The above merits and demerits of science technology reflect light and darkness of human society based on meritocracy. …" @default.
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• W323623462 date "2012-06-22" @default.
• W323623462 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W323623462 title "Theological Contradiction and Complementarity between Meritocracy and Amitacracy: Research into the True Way of Human Development and Social Formation" @default.
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