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• W324300749 abstract "British Labouring-Class Nature Poetry, 1730-1837. By BRIDGET KEEGAN. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. xii + 220 pp. £50. Readers of this journal have good cause to be grateful to Bridget Keegan. It is ultimately thanks to her instigation of the 'Elsie' project that since 2006 we have had access, via the six splendid volumes that have appeared under John Goodridge's general editorship, to a lavish selection from the works of labouring-class poets of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and so are able to view Clare's achievement not as a one-off wonder but as the high point of a long and rich tradition. Now, in her first full-length critical work, Keegan has given us her own perspective on that tradition, limiting herself to the century following the publication of Stephen Duck's The Thresher's Labour, but with some fascinating backward glances - for example, at the eels' protest over East Anglian land drainage in the previous century: 'All will be dry, and we must die, 'cause Essex calves want pasture' - and with a final chapter suggesting how the tradition both continued and changed in Victorian times. In her study Keegan has a formidable amount of printed verse to draw on; the Elsie editors have classified nearly fourteen hundred poets as 'labouring class' in their origins. Her way of organising her material is to centre each chapter on a single natural setting which in most cases corresponds to one sub -genre of loco- descriptive poetry - thus for example, rivers have inspired riparian verse from Drayton to Wordsworth - and then to focus on the work of one plebeian poet who offers a distinctive poetic response to that setting, following this with briefer discussion of poets who tread the same path. And time and again she discovers that what distinguishes such a response is that it reflects, in place of the mastery of nature assumed by nature poets of the ruling class, a recognition that humanity's place is within the web of life. In consequence, to quote her conclusion: 'Many of the poets began to formulate a politics that today can be identified as anticipating threads that would become important within the environmental movement'. That 'anticipating' sounds a note of warning. The 'green' response to nature writing, appealing as it is to most readers in these days of climate- change angst, runs the risk of being anachronistic - as I feel it to be at the start of Keegan's chapter on the poetry of farming life, when she accommodates the slaughter of the lambs in The Farmer's Boy to her environmentalist view of the poem by making Bloomfield the champion of 'sustainability': an urgent concept for a generation that fears its overuse of resources will lead to species suicide, but one that cannot have carried much meaning for those who lived in a sparsely populated countryside in 1800 and had been brought up to believe the Lord would provide. Another anachronism, though of a rather different kind, arises in Keegan's adoption of the modem term 'wetland', with its modem environmentalist connotations of uncultivated, uninhabitable, permanently waterlogged space, for any and every of Clare's allusions to the Fens. It is true that he tells us, in an autobiographical fragment, that he 'adord the wild marshy fen', and he recreates just such a wet wilderness in 'The Snipe'. But the 'dreary' fens, that began to the east of Northborough, Clare's home after 1832, and figure large in his poetry after that date, were something quite different: a vast tract of land that had been dried out and rendered more or less habitable a century and a half earlier. Ordnance Survey maps of the 1830s show only one remnant of marsh within the Great Level that would have been accessible to Clare: the Crowland Wash in the Weiland valley. He visits it in the poem called 'A Walk', which is built on his two contrary notions of f enland: the Wash's wholly natural and brilliant vegetation of reeds and osiers delights him as 'rich bits of landscape' that he contrasts with the treeless, man-made agricultural landscape lying to either side of this flood plain. …" @default.
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