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• W325004011 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION That government retains the right to remove non-citizens is basic to the principle of national sovereignty. A government without some level of control over who may enter and who may be compelled to leave would not be sovereign.1 The process by which a nation administers its immigration laws constitutes an important part of that sovereign control.2 At the same time, lawfully present, per- manent resident non-citizens cannot be expected to live in constant fear of removal at the whim of the government. They establish lives, careers, and friendships in the United States. They join communities and put down roots.3 Because of these realities, courts have consistently held that the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause affords non-citizens some amount of process before being forcibly deported from the country.4 To provide this process, the United States has set up a system of immigration courts and appellate procedures. These procedures give the non-citizen a chance to be heard, to contest her removability, and to apply for statutorily created relief from removal. This Note will begin with a brief discussion of the history and structure of those government institutions charged with administering the removal process. It will then discuss the requirements of due process in the context of non-citizens and argue that the 2002 immigration reforms failed to meet this standard. The Note will describe tactics that the courts have taken to simultaneously incentivize the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) to make changes to its policies and to create some approximation of due process for those non-citizens being put through a flawed system. Those efforts met with some success in the form of the June 2008 Proposed Rules. Finally, this Note will argue that the courts of appeals' success in convincing the agency to reform and in protecting process rights in the meantime provides an example of what the EOIR' s relationship with the courts of appeals ought to look like, and that the dialogue between the courts and the agency should be ongoing. II. BACKGROUND AND THE HISTORY OF THE REFORMS Non-citizens seeking relief from removal have access to a three-tiered appellate system. The removal process begins with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) issuing a Notice to Appear, notifying the non-citizen of the grounds on which removal is threatened and requiring her to appear and answer the charges.5 At the hearing, conducted in front of an Immigration Judge (IJ), the ICE attorney must prove that evidence supports the charges clearly and convincingly.6 The non-citizen has the opportunity to rebut the charges and to prove herself eligible for certain types of relief from removal by a preponderance of the evidence.7 Overseeing IJ decisions is the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA).8 The BIA, in turn, is overseen by the federal courts of appeals.9 IJs and the BIA are not Article III courts, but are subsidiaries of the Executive Office for Immigration Review, which is part of the Department of Justice.10 The party who loses at the IJ may appeal to the BIA, but only the non-citizen may appeal to the court of appeals.11 When the process was first established, the entire fivemember Board would hear every appeal from every IJ.12 This cumbersome process was amended in 1988. 13 The BLA was expanded from five members to an eventual twenty-three and began to hear cases in three-member panels.14 Ostensibly, this decision made it possible for the BIA to more carefully consider a greater number of claims while maintaining the procedural safeguards afforded by multi-person review.15 In 2002, Attorney General Ashcroft' s office made several changes to the process, attempting to clear a backlog of appeals languishing at the BIA.16 The reforms replaced the three-member panels with review by a single member of the BIA.17 The new system gave those single members the authority to - and encouraged them to - affirm IJ decisions without writing an opinion, even if they believed the reasoning of the IJ to be faulty. …" @default.
• W325004011 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W325004011 creator A5051429760 @default.
• W325004011 date "2009-07-01" @default.
• W325004011 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W325004011 title "Approximating Due Process" @default.
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