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• W325186557 abstract "Information Pooling and Processing in Group Problem Solving: Analysis and Promotion of Collaborative Inferences from Distributed Information Anne Meier (anne.meier@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de) Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr. 41 79085 Freiburg, Germany Hans Spada (hans.spada@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de) Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr. 41 79085 Freiburg, Germany an integrated problem solution building on inferences. In addition, we explored two kinds of instructional support in order to promote the collaborative drawing of inferences. Abstract An experiment was designed to study the drawing of inferences from a set of shared and unshared information in dyads collaborating on a specially developed task. Three types of inferences (common, individual, and collaborative) were distinguished based on information sharedness and distribution. In addition, two kinds of instructional support were explored in order to promote the collaborative drawing of inferences, in particular from unshared, distributed information. Results show substantial effects of information sharedness on all levels of the problem solving process (information pooling, inferences, and solution), as well as in a memory post-test. Instructional support led to more correct solutions and a stronger focus on inferences during discussion, but did not improve the drawing of inferences from unshared information. In-depth analyses of inference patterns in discussion shed further light on why inferences from unshared, distributed information are particularly difficult to draw. The reported findings go well beyond the existing literature on the effects of information sharedness that has primarily focused on “hidden profile” group decision tasks. Information Sharedness Groups start out with a certain amount of shared knowledge, i.e. knowledge that is known to all members, and a certain amount of unshared knowledge, i.e. knowledge that is only known to individual group members (Stasser & Titus, 1985). One of the most consistent findings in small group research has been that, when pooling and discussing information, groups tend to focus on shared information and neglect unshared information, thus failing to use their informational resources to their best potential. This so-called “information pooling effect” affects the amount of information that is pooled, the number of times a piece of information is repeated during discussion, and the influence it has on the final decision (Mojzisch, & Schulz- Hardt, 2006). The effect is usually studied in so-called “hidden profile” tasks, in which the relevant pieces of information are distributed in such a way that individual group members will tend to choose an inferior alternative, while the best alternative can only be found if all available information is pooled (Stasser & Titus, 2003). Typically, groups fail to detect the best solution in a hidden profile, falling short of their potential (for overviews see Mojzisch, & Schulz-Hardt, 2006; Wittenbaum, Hollingshead, & Botero, 2004). Keywords: problem solving; collaboration; inferences; hidden profiles Group Problem Solving Two heads are usually assumed to be better than one in solving knowledge-rich problems. For example, in today’s increasingly specialized organizations, complex problems are often assigned to teams whose members bring very diverse knowledge backgrounds into the problem-solving process. If members of these teams pool and integrate their complementary knowledge efficiently, high-quality problem solutions become possible that go beyond the capabilities of an individual problem-solver (e.g. Brodbeck, Kerschreiter, Mojzisch, & Schulz-Hardt, 2007; Kraut, 2003). To better understand the processes involved in group problem solving, many researchers apply concepts from cognitive psychology to group level cognition (Hinsz, Tindale, & Vollrath, 1997; Larson & Christensen, 1993; Mojzisch & Schulz-Hardt, 2006). Likewise, the present study examines information processing not at the individual, but at the group level. In particular, we focus on plausible inferences involved in constructing new shared knowledge at the group level. Our experiment was designed to trace the flow of information from an initial set of distributed information to The Role of Plausible Inferences The voluminous body of existing research in the hidden- profile tradition has so far focused on decision tasks in which the mere aggregation of information is sufficient for finding a solution. However, more complex problems often require the group to go beyond the resources contributed by its members, producing synergy effects rather than aggregation (Kraut, 2003). Inferences are of particular importance in this respect, because they establish meaningful connections between individual pieces of information, and generate new knowledge that can be used to solve the problem at hand. For the purpose of the present study, the term “inference” is used in a broad sense, encompassing instances where at least two pieces of information are combined and, on the background of general" @default.
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• W325186557 title "Information Pooling and Processing in Group Problem Solving: Analysis and Promotion of Collaborative Inferences from Distributed Information" @default.
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