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- W325198938 abstract "Neuropsychological assessments are typically used to assess level of functioning, and degree of cognitive decline. Ideally, previous measures of cognitive functioning would be used as a comparison; however, these are rarely available (Petito, 1999). Thus, a number of methods to estimate premorbid ability have been developed to provide a baseline against which current function is compared (Basso, Bornstein, Roper & McCoy, 2000; Franzen, Burgess & Smith-Seemiller, 1997). Ideally, such estimates must be both resilient to injury/ disease, and correlate with overall level of ability, which is typically assessed as overall intelligence (IQ) (Spreen & Straus, 1998). The focus of this study was on use of tests of over-learned skills such as the NART to predict premorbid function, particularly when used in demographic regression formulae. Tests of Over-learned Skills Tests of over-learned skills (e.g., reading) are strongly associated with IQ, and relatively resilient to impairment (Franzen et al., 1997). One such test, the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Nelson & Willison, 1991), presents participants with a list of 50 irregularly spelled words of increasing difficulty that cannot be pronounced phonetically (e.g., 'debt'). It is assumed that these words must have been previously learnt in order for an individual to pronounce them correctly (Crawford, Dreary, Starr, & Whalley, 2001a). When compared to other methods findings lend strong support for the NART in estimating premorbid ability. For example, the NART provides significantly better prediction of IQ than regression formulae based on demographic variables known to correlate with IQ (Bright, Jadlow & Kopelman; 2002; Griffin, Mindt, Rankin, Ritchie, & Scott, 2002; Jackson, 1993; McCarthy, Burns & Sellers, 2005), and NART performance is resilient to the effects of both brain injury and degenerative diseases (Bright et al., 2002; Cockburn, Keene, Hope & Smith, 2000; Law & O'Carroll, 1998; McCarthy, Burns & Sellers, 2005; McFarlane, Welch & Rodgers, 2006; Morrison, Sharkey, Allardyce, Kelly & McCreadie, 2000; Paolo et al., 1997; Rolstad, Nordlund, Gustavsson, Eckerton, Klang, Hansen, & Wallin, 2008; Sharpe & O'Carroll, 1991; Watt & O'Carroll, 1999). Despite these positive findings, attempts have been made to improve accuracy of NART estimates further through combining test scores with demographic information. Age, sex, ethnicity, and level of education are highly correlated with IQ scores, and thus are considered important in predicting premorbid IQ (Barona, Reynolds & Chastain, 1984; Spreen & Strauss, 1998). Schoenberg, Scott, Duff and Adams (2003) found that combining WAIS-R scores and demographic variables produced very accurate premorbid estimates. Other studies have reported similar findings (Krull, Scott & Shearer, 1995; Vanderploeg & Shinka, 1995; Vanderploeg, Shinka, & Axelrod, 1996). Evidence from research combining NART scores and demographic variables suggests that these produce more accurate premorbid estimates than demographic variables alone (Crawford, Cochrane, Besson, Parker & Stewart, 1990; Crawford, Nelson, Blackmore, Cochrane, & Allen, 1990; Watt & O'Carroll, 1999), and also produces significantly more accurate estimates than the NART alone (Freeman & Godfrey, 2000; Freeman, Godfrey, Harris & Partridge, 2001; Watt & O'Carroll, 1999). While the predictive ability of the NART is improved when used in regression formulae alongside demographic variables known to impact IQ, as noted by Harnett, Godfrey and Knight (2004), whilst regression equations are useful when used with populations that they have been standardised on, they lack accuracy and may be invalid for other groups. There are currently no such regression equations available which have been developed and/or standardised for the New Zealand (NZ) population. …" @default.
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- W325198938 date "2011-04-01" @default.
- W325198938 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W325198938 title "A New Zealand Regression Formula for Premorbid Estimation Using the National Adult Reading Test" @default.
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