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• W325569689 abstract "w 1. The experimental determination of the local skin friction coefficient cf for flow with a longitudinal pressure gradient around a body is one of the most complex, and as yet unsolved, problems in experimental aerodynamics. The method of weight measurement of frictional force by means of a floating element is the most reliable for gradient-free flow of a liquid or gas, since this method is not associated with any assumptions about the nature of the flow in the boundary layer. However, the method of weight measurement of frictional force is practically unusable when there is a longitudinal pressure gradient present in the flow (dP/dx r 0), since the measurement of frictional force is then associated with the development of an extremely complex system of corrections for the displacement of the floating element produced by the pressure forces. As a result, one of the main advantages of the experimental technique using a floating element is lost; this is the fact that no preliminary calibration is required for weight measurement of the frictional force except for a determination of the elastic constant of the weight system. This led to a situation where mainly those indirect methods for the determination of skin friction were being used in experimental practice when dP/dx ~ 0 which were developed for gradient-free flow of liquid orgas as the simplest and most practical in use. Indirect methods for the determination of cf are mainly based on the measurement of velocity (or of its distribution) in the boundary layer with the universality of the velocity distribution laws in the boundary layer being assumed to exist. At the present time, however, the necessary information is lacking which would make it possible to judge the degree of suitability of indirect methods for the determination of skin friction in a turbulent boundary layer with a longitudinal pressure gradient. This results primarily from the absence of reliable methods for calibrating the indirect methods under these conditions, which eliminates the possibility of an objective evaluation. Nevertheless, there is a basis for assuming that indirect methods successfully used for the determination of cf in gradient-free flow can also be used in the case of flows with comparatively small longitudinal pressure gradients, since it is considered that the velocity distribution law in a boundary laye r in the flow region where the effect of viscosity is directly felt (wall law) is only slightly sensitive to external conditions, i.e., to the influence of a longitudinal pressure gradient. However, the limits of applicability of the indirect methods have not been determined rigorously, which considerably limits their practical use. In this situation, there is undoubted interest in making a comparative analysis under identical conditions of gradient flow of the efficiency of various indirect methods for the determination of skin friction with simultaneous checking of the assumptions made in the creation of these methods with respect to the nature of the flow in the boundary layer for the actual conditions under which measurement is made. It can be assumed that such an analysis makes it possible to obtain the information necessary to arrive at some judgment as to the limits of applicability of the various indirect methods. This paper presents the results of a comparison of the eight indirect methods most common in experimental practice under conditions where the pressure gradient varies both smoothly and abruptly along the flow, also including cases where there is a strong effect of prehistory on the development of the turbulent boundary layer." @default.
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• W325569689 title "A study is made of the applicability of indirect methods for the determination of the local skin friction coefficient in a turbulent boundary layer with a longitudinal pressure gradient." @default.
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