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• W327388181 abstract "1. INTRODUCTION It is often said of America that are not the European Union, that do not share joint political institutions, and that do not supranationally. The conventional wisdom holds that cross-border relations take place between discrete sovereign governments and that they focus mainly on coordinating domestic policies that generate undesirable externalities across borders or that could benefit from greater alignment to level the playing field for private sector interests. What is less explored is the possibility that - similar to cross-border economic relations, where the saying, we don't trade things with one another so much as 'make things' (3) is in good currency - when it comes to cross-border relations, make policy together in the absence of formal political integration. That might do so is hardly surprising given the extent of economic integration and interdependence in America and similar approaches, challenges and opportunities across a range of sectors. With limited exceptions, however - and these, largely on a sub-national regional basis - have little explored this terrain theoretically or empirically. This essay takes aim at this issue, examining the emergence of North American policy-making, a shift in the nature of cross-border relations from conventional intergovernmental exchanges to quasi-supranational approaches. This development represents a change in kind from traditional conceptualizations of cross-border relations, which classify them along a continuum from conflict through to independence and harmonization (Gattinger and Hale, 2010), to an approach that begins with America as the relevant geographical starting point and unit of analysis in development. (4) The aim here is not to suggest that all processes are heading in this direction. Clearly, domestic processes and conventional cross-border relations will continue to dominate policy-making on the continent. Rather, I aim to zero in on a new species of policy-making in America, one that is unlikely to supplant its domestic counterparts, but may well gain greater traction, particularly where high levels of economic integration, cross-border interdependence and convergence prevail. This analysis, while focusing on the electricity sector, is likely to interest the broader community of policy-makers, practitioners, scholars and students of American integration. It offers a somewhat different reading of predominant understandings of continental integration by challenging the claim that integration in America is a process of regionalization - private sector-led economic integration, not regionalism - state-led political integration (Capling and Nossal, 2009). It also calls into question the thesis that a common identity, common vision, sense of community or wetness in America is a prerequisite for deeper regional integration (Golob, 2002). The concept of American policymaking is more in keeping with analyses proposing that political integration can occur in the absence of supranational institutions (McDougall, 2006). Of greatest significance, political integration may emerge as a bottom-up incremental process that need not be driven by formal federal-level initiatives. Instead, it may be born of pragmatism, shared interests and necessity in discrete fields, sub-fields and issue areas. Nonetheless, as will be discussed in the concluding section of this essay, attention must be paid to the politics of these processes and their democratic credentials. Expectations for openness, transparency, equity, engagement, and the like, must be attended to if American policy-making is to become more widespread and acceptable to the general public. The case at hand is the electricity sector, which has witnessed a considerable degree of convergence over the last two decades and offers a number of fascinating but little-known instances of American policy-making. …" @default.
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• W327388181 date "2011-09-01" @default.
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• W327388181 title "Canada-United States Electricity Relations: Test-Bed for North American Policy-Making?" @default.
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