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• W328464498 abstract "Poor Mothers' Rights to Education In 2001, five years after the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation (PRWORA), commonly known as welfare reform, and in the context of increasing economic disparities in the United States, I interviewed women receiving social welfare benefits in order to compare access to post-secondary education in Massachusetts, U.S.A. and Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand. At the same time, Jane Swift, the acting Republican Governor of Massachusetts, earned her place in history by being the first governor to give birth while in office. The fact that she was having twins added to the publicity surrounding this event, as did the decision to hospitalize her before the babies were due. Swift's plans to conduct meetings--especially Governor's Council meetings--from her hospital bed were greeted by strong resistance by some Republicans and Democrats in state government, and by some members of the public. The disproportionate amount of publicity surrounding the event reflected how attitudes and beliefs about women, motherhood, family, and work--and race, class, and ethnicity--infuse policy decisions and remain complex and contested. Traditionalists argued that Swift should be home with her children; others cited her right to choose, and others (working mothers) wistfully noted the supports she had in place: a stay-at-home husband who had been taking care of their first daughter; a well-paid job including health-care benefits (although not necessarily job security); housing, and the support of her extended family. Family values are a fundamental part of the heated debates about mothers' choices and decisions regarding work and children, and marriage as an institution (Hays, 2003). Both the 1995 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), and the 1996 PRWORA or PRA, draw on traditional, and some might say, unrealistic, views of marriage as an institution that benefits all involved. Following a 1993 Hawaii Supreme Court ruling which supported the rights of same-sex couples to marry, DOMA defined marriage exclusively as man, one woman, and preemptively removed any obligation for a state to recognize any future same-sex marriages of another state--even though the U.S. Constitution requires to honor precisely such acts performed in other states (Hodder, 2004, p.39). A 1996 report by the House Committee on the Judiciary, chaired by Henry Hyde, that the four purposes of DOMA are: to defend and nurture the institution of traditional heterosexual marriage; to defend traditional notions of morality; to protect state sovereignty and democratic self-governance, and to preserve scarce government resources. The report cites the argument of the Council on Families in America (1996) which is that reproduction and child-rearing lie at the core of public interest in the regulation of marriage: And from this nexus between marriage and children springs the true source of society's self-interest in safeguarding the institution of marriage. Simply defined, marriage is a relationship within which the community socially approves and encourages sexual intercourse and the birth of children. It is society's way of signaling to would-be parents that their long-term relationship is socially important, a public concern, not simply a private affair (Council on Families in America Report, cited in Smith, 2001, p. 309). The authors of the report acknowledge that American society already opposes the procreation-oriented defense of patriarchal heterosexual marriage because infertile and post-menopausal heterosexuals are allowed to join and remain in the married class. The preferred status of heterosexual marriage also serves (according to the report) to encourage heterosexuality, and uphold the morality of society. Again, from the report: Civil laws that permit only heterosexual marriage reflect and honor a collective moral judgment about human sexuality. …" @default.
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• W328464498 date "2007-06-22" @default.
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• W328464498 title "Poor Mothers' Rights to Education: Access and Support for Post-Secondary Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand and the United States" @default.
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