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• W330061163 abstract "Accelerating our lives, one compound at a time by Tania Aftandilians At any point in time, our bodies can be pushed to speed up or slow down. Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulants accelerate our body while CNS depressants decelerate it. By examining some of the most famous members of the CNS stimulant family, such as caffeine, cocaine, methampheta- mines, and pharmaceuticals, one can better grasp how perva- sive stimulants are in our society. The use and study of stim- ulants have also fueled many debates, such as the dangers of caffeine during pregnancy or the administration of drugs for alertness in children. The world is moving faster today than it ever has before due to advances in technology, greater communication, and globalization. People are expected to do more in the same amount of time than they were just decades ago, and many are relying heavily on stimulants just to keep up. While small amounts of legal and appropriate stimulants are perfectly fine for most people, one must be careful not to overdo it because side effects, including dependency, can occur. These stimulating drugs that alter our state of being are extremely powerful, and they can do a lot of good as well as a lot of damage, depending on how they are used. Caffeine Since childhood, caffeine has been a pervasive part of most of our diets. It is found in many natural and processed foods such as chocolate and beverages (coffee, tea, and soda), as well as in pills such as No-Doze and Excedrin. Caffeine can influence almost all organ systems, but the drug predominantly targets the CNS and the cardiovascular sys- tem. At these sites, the chemical blocks receptors for adeno- sine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that aides in sleep and suppresses arousal. Caffeine also increases the effects of dopamine by blocking reuptake, which can make a person feel good. At mild doses, caffeine can be beneficial by caus- ing alertness without major side effects. This chemical may also have less understood benefits; for instance, it has been suggested that caffeine may help to prevent Alzheimer's dis- ease. Fortunately for all of the caffeine addicts out there, caf- feine is a relatively safe stimulant because it takes quite a large dose to produce negative effects. At these higher doses, this drug may cause vomiting, abdominal pain, agitation, and seizures. Consuming large amounts of caffeine on a regular basis can cause dependency and desensitization, meaning one's body may require increasing amounts of caffeine to produce the same effect. Toxicologists estimate caffeine's LD50 to be approximately 50 cups (or 50 caffeine pills) for a 60 kg person, meaning that this dose is lethal for fifty per- cent of the population (Erowid 2007). In the rare case that someone would consume this much caffeine, ventricular fib- rillation would occur, leading to death. While caffeine gen- erally does not lead to life-threatening addictions, many peo- ple cannot discontinue their use because of the potentially severe withdrawal symptoms. These may include: headache, fatigue, drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, depression, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and motor and cog- nitive impairment. Moderate amounts of caffeine do not pose a threat to the average person, but pregnant women need to take caution. In a Kaiser study released in January 2008, 1,063 pregnant women were tested and those who consumed over 200 mg/day (two or more cups of regular coffee or five 12-ounce cans of caffeinated soda) were found to be twice as likely to miscarry as those who consumed no caffeine (Kaiser Permanente 2008). This study found that caffeine, and not other chemicals in coffee, was directly related to the height- ened miscarriage rate. Caffeine can be harmful because it crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus, which can have difficulty metabolizing the caffeine since its metabolic sys- tem is not fully developed. Adverse effects on fetal develop- ment may also be attributed to hindered cell development and decreased placental blood flow. Although a 100% cor- relation is not shown, Kaiser Permanente has great faith in the findings of this study and recommends avoiding or high- ly limiting caffeine intake during pregnancy. Many physi- cians have already been making this recommendation despite the lack of clear-cut evidence, simply to err on the side of caution. The main criticism of this particular study, as well as of many other similar studies, was that morning sickness may lead to confusing results in caffeine studies. This is because women with healthy pregnancies tend to have more morning sickness symptoms as a result of a proper hormonal balance, and the morning sickness often gives them an aversion to caffeine, leading them to consume less. Critics claim that women who appear to have lower rates of miscarriage con- sume less caffeine, when really they had healthier pregnan- cies to begin with (Grady 2008). Other confounders need to be taken into account, since miscarriages most commonly result from chromosomal abnormalities and infections, nei- ther of which can be attributed to caffeine. Still, many doc- Stimulants and Society THE MIND FALL THE MIND" @default.
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• W330061163 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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• W330061163 title "Stimulants and Society" @default.
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• W330061163 doi "https://doi.org/10.5070/bs3122007594" @default.
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