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• W330386572 abstract "Abstract The use of in vivo γ-spectrometry over the past five years has proven to be an invaluable tool in the comprehensive assessment of potential internal exposure in some 3,000 employees at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant who have worked in uranium and thorium areas. The purpose of this paper is to report on some of the more interesting aspects and refinements of this unique application of in vivo spectrometry. Improvements in sensitivity. Improvements in minimum sensitivity have been accomplished by the use of multiple crystals. Detection sensitivity was decreased from 130 μ g to 80 μ g for 235 U by the use of back and side detectors. Detection and avoidance of surface contamination. An effective technique of detecting and avoiding the effects of low level surface contamination on employees has been developed by utilization of the γ -spectrometry data and scintillation detectors positioned over and under the chest. The use of a hair shield and selected hand positioning minimizes the effect of contamination on these portions of the body. Correction of base spectra. It was found that the base spectra changed with time, apparently as the average cesium burden varies. These base spectra are empirically derived using a statistically computed prediction equation. A continuing control program with an unexposed population is used to evaluate and make the necessary changes to eliminate bias resulting from this change and its attendant adverse effect on the sensitivity and accuracy of the technique. Optimization of measurement frequency. A method of statistical evaluation of the relative need for in vivo measurements was adopted to assure adequate information for employee protection at minimal expense. In vivo monitoring experience is summarized. Major conclusions are: (1) The sensitivity and validity of the technique can be significantly improved by accounting for the effects of surface contamination, the use of additional detectors, and routine assessment of the base spectral prediction equation. (2) In vivo monitoring is vital to the evaluation of internal exposures to insoluble thorium and uranium." @default.
• W330386572 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W330386572 date "1968-01-01" @default.
• W330386572 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W330386572 title "IN VIVO GAMMA SPECTROMETRY: A MAJOR TOOL FOR LARGE SCALE ROUTINE PERSONNEL MONITORING FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM" @default.
• W330386572 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-8312-8.50050-3" @default.
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