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• W330654209 abstract "ABSTRACT Faced with the growing cross-pressures of citizen consumer demands, economic vitality, finite environmental resources, and resident concern over quality of life issues, a number of cities have looked toward a sustainable community strategy as a potential policy solution. While such an alternative has shown promise, it has only begun to move from an intellectual vision to an applied program. To build on our knowledge concerning the scope and practice of sustainable communities, this article examines Santa Monica, California, which, over six years ago, initiated a multifaceted sustainable city program. From this research, scholars and practitioners will gain a stronger understanding of the pattern of policy adoption, types of programs, implementation tools, and the facilitative and constraining agents in this city's sustainable community program experience. Along with making a contribution to mapping the current sustainable community terrain, this research also suggests a series of variables for hypothesis construction and testing in future research. INTRODUCTION For the past half century, economic development has stood as the uncontested king amidst crowded and conflictual urban agendas, regardless of city size (Bowman, 1987; Wolman and Spitzley, 1996). Faced with the prospects of an increasingly competitive national and global economy, rising citizen demands, and cyclical federal resources, cities have established governing regimes-informal associations of local government leaders, members of the private sector, unions, and at times, representatives from community non-profit organizations-to pursue commercial and housing projects (Stone, 1989). Although many cities have attained a certain level of success in these endeavors, some results have drawn concern. Urban settlements, particularly large metropoles, sprawl with look-alike subdivision tracts, endless strip malls, and big box shopping centers. Each part of the spatial system stands isolated from the others, yet accessible primarily by automobile. While this development pattern has created jobs, generated tax revenues, and stabilized some capital and population migration, it has also produced traffic congestion (the anathema of urban living), pollution, losses in forests and open spaces, and a deteriorating experience of place (Corbett and Corbett, 2000; Hiss, 1990; Massing, 2000). Although a minority, voices of dissent have called attention to alternatives for urban development inefficiencies (Jacobs, 1961; Lovins, 1977; Odum, 1971; Schumacher, 1973). The essence of these critiques of society is the need to rethink design and operation of urban space; to reconfigure local production and consumption processes so as to make cities more engaging and livable without incurring environmental destruction. Land, labor, and capital remain fundamental to a city's built environment (Harvey, 1985); however, a city should also be a place of social interaction and culture, where images and memories reflect who belongs and what is valued (Zukin, 1995). This re-conceptualization of the city, strengthened by a growing acceptance of post-material values that stress lifestyle issues within society's middle and upper-middle classes, has generated an agenda more receptive to land use planning alternatives. Sustainable communities-defined here as communities that foster a system of programmatic relationships to and with their environments to limit the impacts of city living and to elicit community engagement in policies beneficial to community members at large-offer one such option (Daniels, 1998). During the 1990s a number of cities, including Seattle (WA), Santa Fe (NM), and the California cities of San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Barbara, and Santa Monica, have adopted, in varying degrees, sustainable community principles. Regardless of individual differences, each of these cities has planned and operated some mix of energy efficiencies and recycling, diversity in built structures, compact living with enhanced open spaces to encourage residential walking and interaction, and other activities to reduce environmental damage. …" @default.
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• W330654209 date "2004-04-01" @default.
• W330654209 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W330654209 title "Reinventing Paradise: Santa Monica's Sustainable City Program" @default.
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