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- W331768644 abstract "In Living with and Looking at Landscape, geographer and historian David Lowenthal states, We need to sense as abiding; our essential well-being depends on finding our surroundings more durable than ourselves (648). Mark Roskill expounds on this notion, arguing, Landscape is an extraordinarily important component of our concrete physical experiences in the world, the apprehension of things deriving from these experiences and our accompanying sense of place. It represents a shaping term in our conceptualization of what is out there, and of human relationships as they intertwine and interact with that. (1) The land, therefore, is a conduit for human epistemology, as well as a mirrored surface on which to reflect back societal and individual identities. Indeed, much ecocritical scholarship in the last twenty years has focused on establishing the relationship between the land and the people who inhabit it, glorify it, exploit it, and/or build cultures and heritages upon it. The land and humanity are intertwined in a complex symbiosis in which they inform and shape one another--the land reflects the people, and the people reflect the land. For the people of England, the unique English geography, topography and weather provide a literal space to reify their distance from continental Europe, and, arguably, the rest of the world. As an island, the insularity created by being, in essence, borderless--non-adjacent to other countries and cultures--strengthens the sense of English as fundamentally important to English identity. Inherent in the island geography and the topography of low-rolling English countryside is the temperate cloudiness that keeps the English land verdant and fertile. Lowenthal argues that the synthesis of England's unique characteristics has led to a notion of landscape-as-heritage that is distinctively English. Nowhere else is so freighted as legacy. Nowhere else does the very term transcend scenery and genres de vie to suggest quintessential national virtues (British Identity 213). The idealized scenery that Lowenthal calls the now hallowed visual cliche of archetypal rural England lies in its visually cohesive and orderly patchwork of meadow and pasture, hedgerows and copses, immaculate villages nestling among small tilled fields ... the English is not natural but crafted, suffused with human as well as divine purpose (British Identity 214-15). The that the English have historically valued is the familiar picturesque beauty of a cultivated countryside bearing the imprint of human design and labor, in which English identities and ancestries have been literally imprinted into the soil. Writing from within this milieu, Charles Dickens was deeply concerned with the way in which the English was rapidly changing in the nineteenth century. As industrialism was transforming English towns and countryside into mechanized scenes of factories and pollution, the evidence of human impress was subsuming the natural elements on which they were built. Though scholars have proved that Dickens had an ambivalent attitude toward industrialism as a system, he nevertheless reacted strongly to the forcible displacement of the English landscape. In his tenth novel, Hard Times, published in 1854, Dickens exerts an ecological and preservationist sensibility by crafting a dystopian in his fictional factory town Coketown, anticipating the dystopian trend that was to become a common thematic technique in science-fiction novels of the twentieth century. Beyond a simple endangered landscape trope, however, I argue that Dickens's construction of the physical manifestation of industrialism works correlatively to the psychic effects of utilitarianism on the people within. In Hard Times, Dickens's dystopia is manifested on two axes--the physical of Coketown and the psychic mindscape of Louisa Gradgrind--in order to illuminate the effects of industrialization on the environment and the resulting implications of utilitarianism that would reverberate in the individual psyche. …" @default.
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- W331768644 date "2014-03-01" @default.
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- W331768644 title "Melancholia and Machinery: The Dystopian Landscape and Mindscape in Hard Times" @default.
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