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- W332251687 abstract "The leakage of NO3 and pesticide residues from agricultural landscapes to groundwater has important implications for drinking water and aquatic ecosystems. This leakage increased greatly due to the large increase in fertilizer-N and pesticide use that began about 1960 and levelled in the 1980-1990s. Good progress has been made at describing the present geographical distributions of NO3 and pesticide residues in groundwater, but the picture is murky as to what future conditions will emerge. Conservation of mass dictates that groundwater pollutant loads will increase until they reach equilibrium with modern pollutant leakage. Equilibrium requires that either (1) denitrification and pesticide degradation eliminate pollutants, or (2) modern groundwater with its associated pollutant load penetrates an entire aquifer thickness. We examined nitrate and pesticide penetration into an aquifer in the Stockton Study Area, located on the Wisconsin Central Sand Plain. Groundwater there is aerobic and typical of much of the upland WCSP. Six monitoring sites in the up-, mid-, and downgradient portion of the flow system were sampled at multiple intervals of the saturated thickness, and subjected to analyses for various nitrogen species (including denitrification gasses), chlorofluorocarbons for age-dating, pesticides (mainly atrazine and chloroacetanilide residues), N and O isotopes of NO3 for attributing NO3 source, and major ions. Nitrate and pesticide residues penetrated most of the study area's saturated thickness. Nitrate-N averaged 20 mg L , ranging 4.4 to 41 mg L. Concentrations < 10 mg L were only found near the water table immediately downgradient of nonagricultural land covers (urban, rural residential) and in the deep mid portion of the aquifer coincident with older groundwater (pre-1980). One-fourth of wells demonstrated a manure NO3 source, with the remainder probably originating from fertilizer. Organic, NH4, and NO2-N concentrations were negligible. Denitrification was not an appreciable sink for NO3. Though N2O-N was ubiquitous, concentrations were miniscule with respect to NO3-N. Denitrified N2-N was observed in onefourth of groundwater samples, but it only accounted for only 1.7 to 17% of the original NO3-N load. Where denitrification to N2-N was observed, a manure NO3 source was usually implicated. Pesticide residues were pervasive and generally followed NO3 patterns. Detected residues were those of atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, metribuzin, and pendamethalin. Summed residues in individual wells were typically 5 to 15 μg L, but reached 41.7 μg L in one well. Alachlor and metolachlor residues, mainly the OA and ESA degradates, were the most common. One well exceeded the Wisconsin groundwater enforcement standard of 3.0 μg L of summed atrazine residues. Most groundwater in the Stockton Study Area was dominantly of relatively recent origin 1985 to present. Older (1969-1980) groundwater had lower pollutant concentrations, likely because it originated from relatively low-input land uses (forest, dryland agriculture) that are still present on the modern landscape. The Stockton Study Area appears to be largely in equilibrium with current land uses; i.e., modern groundwater with modern pollutant loads have mostly penetrated the entire saturated thickness. Hence, water quality and pollutant export are also close to equilibrium." @default.
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- W332251687 date "2004-01-01" @default.
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- W332251687 title "Nitrate and pesticide residue penetration into a Wisconsin central sand plain aquifer" @default.
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