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• W332391311 abstract "The sight of law enforcement officers knocking on a door and yelling Police! is more than just television drama. In fact, idea that police should knock and announce their presence before entering is an ancient requirement that has roots in English common law. (1) The requirement was adopted at time of this country's founding and has been more recently recognized as an element of Fourth Amendment reasonable test. (2) The Supreme Court has given content to requirement recognizing exceptions and outlining parameters. (3) Until recently, however, Court had addressed proper remedy for those situations in which officers do properly knock and announce their presence. The Supreme Court ended silence on matter in decision last Term in Hudson v. Michigan. (4) Police a warrant to search home of defendant, Booker T. Hudson. (5) Officers went to home to execute warrant and announced their presence; after waiting three to five seconds, they entered home where they found drugs and a firearm. (6) Prosecutors brought state law charges against Hudson for drug and firearm offenses. (7) Hudson moved to suppress evidence seized inside his home, claiming that his Fourth Amendment rights had been violated officers' failure to wait constitutionally required time before entering his home. (8) The state trial court granted motion. (9) On appeal, Michigan Court of Appeals reversed, citing two Michigan Supreme Court decisions, People v. Stevens (10) and People v. Vasquez. (11) The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal, (12) and Hudson was convicted of both offenses. (13) The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed conviction, and Michigan Supreme Court again declined to review case. (14) The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari. (15) The Supreme Court affirmed Hudson's conviction. (16) Writing for Court, Justice Scalia held that exclusionary rule is proper remedy for violations. (17) The opinion did not, however, overrule Court precedent regarding constitutional nature of knock-and-announce requirement. Rather, Court began analysis noting importance of requirement in common law and citing Wilson v. Arkansas, (18) which held that knock-and-announce requirement forms part of Fourth Amendment reasonableness inquiry. (19) Justice Scalia wrote that rule, while required, is not easily applied. (20) The rule is difficult to apply because amount of time officers must wait is necessarily vague, depending on amount of time it would require resident to dispose of suspected contraband. (21) After reiterating constitutional nature of requirement, Court considered whether violation triggers of exclusionary rule. It began outlining history of exclusionary rule in federal courts, tracing evolution of rule from reflexive application in Mapp v. Ohio (22) to a rejection of its indiscriminate application in United States v. Leon (23) and Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott. (24) In particular, precedent required that a constitutional violation must be a but-for cause of discovering evidence to justify suppression. (25) The instant case did meet that standard, Court reasoned, because officers would have seized evidence regardless of whether they properly knocked and announced. (26) The majority also drew upon Court's precedents regarding attenuation, under which exclusionary rule is inapplicable if evidence was found by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of primary taint. (27) The concept of attenuation extends, Justice Scalia wrote, to situations in which the interest protected constitutional guarantee that has been violated would be served suppression of evidence obtained despite presence of a direct causal connection. …" @default.
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• W332391311 date "2006-09-22" @default.
• W332391311 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W332391311 title "Don't Knock Them until We Try Them: Civil Suits as a Remedy for Knock-and-Announce Violations after Hudson V. Michigan" @default.
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