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• W332493430 abstract "Abstract The late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century frontier profoundly shaped American cultural values and political institutions, and continues to influence way most Americans look at world. Studies of how Americans dealt with their western frontier may hold important clues as to how American policy makers and American public are likely to act in foreign affairs in coming century. Introduction According to Mark Twain, history does not repeat itself, but it does rhyme. Historians challenged to predict future thus find themselves attempting to guess next line of a monumental poem. It is rarely an easy task, as predictable rhymes usually reflect poorly on poem, and poetry of human history is an artistic epic full of complexity and diversity, and yet remarkable subtlety. While we cannot predict future, we can seek to understand baseline patterns, what Annales school of historians would call the long duree, that inform our view of world. Cultural historians particularly seek to understand intellectual framework--the worldviews--that policy makers construct to understand their world. It is usually within these frameworks that policy makers attempt to interpret often unexpected events that challenge them, and fashion appropriate responses. Recent American policies towards rest of world, especially President Bush's doctrine of pre-emptive warfare and invasion of Iraq, seem to mark a dramatic departure from previous practices. A number of studies have suggested that United States has taken an imperialistic turn--a development a few have cautiously applauded, but most have criticized. (1) In seeking to understand American motives, some have placed source of recent developments solely within Bush administration, while others have noted a trend that was developing since end of Cold War. The quagmire that seems to have engulfed US troops in Iraq has also been compared to quagmire of Vietnam, and blind idealism of current policy makers has been compared to that of Woodrow Wilson's administration. These comparisons suggest patterns, or rhymes, within American foreign policy that may indicate worldview of current American policy makers. Yet historians who search for such comparisons rarely go farther back than one hundred years for their precedents, usually marking 1898 Spanish American War as beginning of nation's imperial ambitions. (2) However a story's meaning often depends upon where you begin tale. (3) As a cultural historian of American frontier, I have often found this late nineteenth century beginning of American imperialism puzzling. At time of Spanish American War, acquisition of overseas possessions was criticized by a number of prominent Americans who claimed that it was contrary to nation's anti-imperialistic origins. (4) Much too often, I fear, diplomatic historians have taken these claims at face value, when actual history of United States up to that time does not bear out these assertions. Indeed, a closer look at founding of nation and of its westward-moving frontier would suggest that imperialism was very much a part of American foreign policy from beginning. That imperialism, however, was not imperialism of nineteenth century Britain or ancient Rome. Indeed, recent studies of American foreign policy have stumbled badly over concept of American imperialism. (5) To some, America is an on par with that of Rome or Britain, while to others, America is not at all imperialistic. Some have tried to define word empire in ways that promote whichever position they take towards American imperialism, or have tried to find different words to describe it, such as hegemony or global leadership. (6) Others have tried to trace changing American attitudes towards imperialism. Few, it strikes me, have tried to find source of America's imperial behavior. …" @default.
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• W332493430 title "Frontiers, Empires, and the New World: The Significance of the Frontier in American Foreign Policy" @default.
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