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• W332965701 abstract "Although I wanted to read Bemak, Chung, and Siroskey-Sabdo's article in an objective sense, my response to their article is most likely influenced by my own experiences as an African American female and mother of an African American daughter. To me, the paramount issue facing African American females is the double and sometimes triple oppressions that we experience--being female, African American, and oftentimes poor or working-class. Dealing with racial stereotypes along with gender stereotypes can have a damaging influence on the development of African American girls. And, despite the achievements of African American women in this country, the images of African American females continue to be negative (Jordan, 1997). (1) Counselors of African American females, therefore, must have the ability to conceptualize problems from a feminist perspective as well as a cultural/racial perspective. Although I applaud Bemak et al. for responding to an important and critical topic, I believe they missed an important element in their empowerment group approach--the element of an Afrocentric or Black feminist perspective. In resistance to the modern feminist movement, in which White women have been accused of focusing on oppression in terms of gender while ignoring issues of race, class, and sexuality, theories of Afrocentric or Black feminism evolved. Black feminism was developed to call attention to the multiple oppressions experienced by African American women, and to define their everyday experiences in their own terms (James, 1999). African American women share the common experience of being women in a society that denigrates women of African descent. This commonality of experience suggests that certain characteristic themes will be prominent in an African American woman's life. For example, one core theme is a legacy of struggle. The struggle to survive in a White, privileged, and male-dominated society makes African American women vulnerable to discrimination and assaults in the workplace, on the street, and at home. This legacy of struggle is true for African American girls as well. Many African American girls, as Bemak et al. encountered, live in hazardous and hostile environments. Their awareness of being victimized by racism and poverty creates a Black feminist sensibility or a Black woman's legacy of struggle. Other common themes of African American female life include the interlocking nature of race, gender, and class oppression; replacing denigrated images of Black womanhood with self-defined images; belief in Black women's activism as mothers, teachers, and community leaders; and sensitivity to sexual politics (Collins, 1990). Bemak et al.'s empowerment group intervention lacked a connection to the girls' experiences of being female and African American. African American women and girls as a group have experiences that contribute to their unique view of the world. Individual African American women display varying types of consciousness regarding their life experiences in the context of race and gender. By tapping into the everyday, unarticulated consciousness that traditionally has been denigrated in White, male-controlled institutions, African American women can begin to embrace an Afrocentric and feminist consciousness. Research in African American studies suggests that an Afrocentric worldview exists that is distinct from and in many ways opposed to a Eurocentric worldview (Hoskins, 1992; Mazama, 2001; Winters, 1994). While African Americans have been forced to repress or adapt these Afrocentric worldviews in the face of different institutional arrangements of White domination, the continuation of an Afrocentric worldview has been fundamental to African Americans' resistance to racial oppression (Wieder, 1992). African American women, in particular, draw on this Afrocentric worldview to cope with racial oppression. But far too often African American women's Afrocentric consciousness remains unarticulated and not fully developed into a self-defined standpoint. …" @default.
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• W332965701 date "2005-06-01" @default.
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• W332965701 title "Empowerment Groups for Urban African American Girls: A Response" @default.
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