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• W334505698 abstract "The quest for genetic diversity in newly released biological control agents and matching of agent genotypes with particular strains of the target weed are widely assumed to ensure enhanced effectiveness of weed biological control. However, there has seldom been concern that these practices may be detrimental. The use of cochineal insects for biological control of cactus weeds in South Africa has disclosed circumstances where adverse effects may arise. Two host-specific biotypes of the cochineal species, Dactylopius opuntiae (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae), have been identified and used for biological control of Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia stricta in South Africa. Host specificity breaks down when the two biotypes crossbreed. F1 progeny of such crosses are able to survive equally well on both opuntia species. The production of hybrid populations should benefit biological control in areas where the two weed species are sympatric, because the chances of a passively dispersed nymph landing on a suitable host plant and surviving will increase proportionately with the combined abundance of the plants. However, the unusual lecanoid chromosome system (i.e. in males, only maternally inherited genes are passed to progeny) found in cochineal insects complicates the issue, because F 2 progeny from crosses between hybrid parents and from backcrosses between hybrids and true-bred parents produce both generalist and specialist progeny in combinations that depend on parental phenotypes. The situation is further complicated because hybridisation in the field is asymmetrical. Males move predominantly from O. ficusindica to mate with females on O. stricta but seldom do so in the other direction. Under these circumstances, females may produce nymphs that are genetically maladjusted to the natal host and are thus disadvantaged, to the detriment of biological control. This example shows that the use of sub specific entities to increase genetic diversity of introduced agents may not produce the desired results, and may even have harmful consequences for biological control in some situations. For the control of cactus weeds in South Africa, stringent measures are being employed to ensure that only pure strains of cochineal are released on the target weed species, with positive results for biological control. More generally, a precautionary approach is advised when releases of sub specific mixtures of agent types are planned for other weed species, at least until all possible outcomes have been investigated in full." @default.
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• W334505698 date "2004-01-01" @default.
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• W334505698 title "Biotypes, hybrids and biological control: lessons from cochineal insects on Opuntia weeds." @default.
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