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• W334564697 abstract "This report summarises the work reported in the years 1998-2003 and tries to assess the prospects for future development of partitioning and transmutation (P-T) as seen from a Swedish perspective. The R and D efforts on P-T have increased somewhat during the period 1998-2003. Research on P-T has taken a prominent role internationally in the R and D on future nuclear power and nuclear fuel cycle systems. Despite the fact that partitioning and transmutation have been on the agenda for quite a few years there are still a number of issues that must be settled before the research and development can be given a clearly focused direction. Studies propose research programmes for about six years at the cost of a couple of hundred million Euros. The construction of a small ADS experimental plant is a necessary step to develop and demonstrate the concept. This experimental plant should then be followed by a demonstration plant in almost full scale. Such a plant can at the earliest be ready in the mid-2030s. A number of circumstances have, however, contributed to slower speed, less intensity and lower funding than proposed in the studies. There is no unanimous view on the objectives for partitioning and transmutation. Many see it as a way to achieve broad acceptance for nuclear power at large. Others promote it as a way to get out of the impasse for a deep repository in several countries. Others again put a strong emphasise on the proliferation aspects. There is no unanimous view on the need to develop ADS or for the role of ADS in a P-T-system. Some advocate that ADS should be used for burning of all transuranium nuclides from the present enriched uranium fuelled light water reactors. Others see the ADS as a supplement particularly suitable for burning minor actinides (americium, curium and neptunium), whereas the major part of the plutonium should be burned in light water reactors (or in fast reactors) There is no consensus among experts on which technical route to follow for several parts of a P-T system. The interest for P-T is mainly concentrated to the national research laboratories in USA, Europe, Japan and some other countries. The universities in many countries including Sweden also show a strong interest. The nuclear industry, however, has shown only a limited interest in the development and is mainly visible in France and a few other countries with large nuclear programmes. The long-term interest in industry is much more focused on new types of reactors. The national and industrial efforts on spent fuel and high level waste management in almost all countries are primarily focused on the resolution of the deep repository issues. An integrated evaluation of these circumstances leads to the conclusion that it is unlikely that industrial ADS plants will be deployed before 2050. A successful development of P-T will not make a deep geological disposal obsolete. The complex processes will inevitably generate some wastes containing small amounts of long-lived radionuclides. These wastes will require a deep geological repository. A successful development may, however, decrease the requirements on the engineered barriers in the deep repository and also decrease the volumes needed for disposal of wastes. The development of P-T for industrial application would as already mentioned take several decades. In order to transmute all nuclear fuel only from the already existing nuclear power plants would take at least another 100 years. P-T at an industrial scale requires large nuclear facilities that must be accepted by society. The costs for P-T are not possible to determine with any good accuracy before the systems have been better defined and tested. The estimates that have been made indicate an electricity production cost that is between 10% and 50% above the costs from modern light water reactor designs with once-through fuel cycle. The investments needed in R and D and in new nuclear facilities are very large. They are, however, spread over long time and the major part should be looked upon as investments for energy production. It is not economically defensible to implement P-T without effectively using the energy released. This is particularly the case with transmutation of plutonium. Some experts have the opinion that it might be feasible to construct small ADS-plants specifically for burning americium and curium. The introduction of a P-T-system for effective reduction of the amount of long-lived radioactive nuclides that must be disposed of in a deep geological repository thus requires a commitment to nuclear energy for a very long time. It may, however, on the other hand be looked upon as a long-term strategy for recycling and recovering energy from materials that otherwise are seen as very troublesome wastes." @default.
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• W334564697 date "2004-05-01" @default.
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• W334564697 title "Partitioning and transmutation Current developments - 2004, A report from the Swedish reference group on P and T - research, TR-04-15" @default.
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