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• W335590650 abstract "Fifty-two undergraduate volunteers completed the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), a measure of AD/HD symptoms, and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). As predicted, males scored significantly higher on the WURS than did females. Higher WURS scores in males were associated with externalizing features, including impulsivity and oppositional personality styles. High WURS scores in females were associated with internalizing features, including anxious feelings, depressed affect, and inhibited and self-demeaning personality styles. Females with high WURS scores also reported personality styles that were less dramatizing and egoistic. Males and females reported different levels of AD/HD symptoms but more interestingly, the relationships between level of AD/HD symptoms and the personality patterns and clinical indices differed as a function of gender. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the deficits in academic, cognitive, social, and emotional functioning that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) exhibit tend to improve as children pass through adolescence. However, recently psychologists have recognized that the symptoms of AD/HD often carry over into adolescence and adulthood with clear negative consequences (Anastopoulos & Shelton, 2001;Barkley, 1998). AD/HD should be viewed as a developmental disorder of behavioral inhibition, inattention, and self-regulation (Barkley, 1998). The three main symptoms of AD/HD are impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity and the disorder is relatively stable through early adolescence. Symptoms of motor hyperactivity typically attenuate during late adolescence and adulthood (American Psychological Association; APA, 2000). Thus most adults with AD/HD continue to have difficulty with impulsivity and inattention, rather than symptoms of hyperactivity. Adolescents diagnosed with AD/HD have significantly more difficulty with sustained attention compared to controls (Barkley et al., 1996; Hoy, Weiss, Minde, & Cohen, 1978), but they also rated themselves lower on self-esteem, sociability, and emotional maturity, and higher on feelings of hopelessness (Hoy et al., 1978). The two most frequently occurring personality traits found in adolescents with AD/HD are impulsivity and dependency (Weiss & Hechtman, 1986). These adolescents also rated themselves lower on a personality inventory designed to measure self-esteem and social integration. Manuzza et al. (1993) discovered higher rates of antisocial personality disorder in adult males diagnosed with AD/HD as teenagers, but did not find a relationship between adolescent AD/HD and adult mood or anxiety disorders, which could be attributed to the low prevalence of these disorders in males compared to females. Higher rates of internalizing problems (such as mood and anxiety disorders) have also been found among children displaying inattention, which would be expected to carry over into adulthood (Loney, Paternite, Schwartz, & Roberts, 1997). Some evidence suggests the problems associated with AD/HD extend into adulthood. Wilson and Marcotte (1996) found that 14- to 18-year-old male and female subjects who had been diagnosed with AD/HD in childhood had significantly lower academic performance and poorer social, emotional, and adaptive functioning than clinical controls. The adolescents with AD/HD had higher ratings of inattention, depression, anxiety, oppositionality, and mania than clinical controls. These academic and psychosocial problems in adolescents with a childhood diagnosis of AD/HD suggest potential long-term ramifications for social, vocational, and psychological functioning in adulthood. Murphy, Barkley, and Bush (2002) found similar tendencies in which young adults with AD/HD were more likely to experience dysthymia, substance-related disorders, and greater psychological distress on a measure of Axis I and Axis II disorders. College students with AD/HD are easily distracted, restless, and prone to act impulsively without regard for consequences (Richards, Rosen, & Ramirez, 1999). …" @default.
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• W335590650 date "2005-03-01" @default.
• W335590650 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W335590650 title "Personality, Expressed Concerns, and Pathology as a Function of AD/HD Symptoms" @default.
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