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• W337396517 abstract "INTRODUCTION A remote realtime captioning system has been in use at the University of Iowa since August of 1996 to allow Deaf and hard of hearing students to participate fully and independently in classes. Captioning is provided a laptop computer system that the students take to class. The audio signal from the classroom microphone is transmitted via modem over a telephone line to the captioning service where a captioner transcribes the text of the lecture. This text is transmitted back to the student in the classroom via modem and is displayed the computer. This article presents a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of remote realtime captioning and other communication options. CLASSROOM COMMUNICATION OPTIONS Sign language interpreters are frequently employed to allow Deaf and hard of hearing students to participate in classes. There are some problems associated with interpreter services: in many places, particularly rural areas, there is a limited supply of qualified interpreters to provide regular classroom service. Classes with unique or technical terminology may be difficult to interpret accurately. American Sign Language (ASL) interpreters do not provide a literal word-for-word translation, which means some material could be judged to be irrelevant, and therefore omitted, by the interpreter. Illness, bad weather or circumstances may make it necessary to recruit a substitute short notice. Variance in fees charged by individual interpreters makes cost projection difficult. Furthermore, not all deaf and hard of hearing students a re fluent in sign language and some students prefer reading written English. Providing interpreters instead of remote realtime captioning has some advantages. Since the interpreter is on site, all conversation can be interpreted including speech not picked up by the microphone. An interpreter can immediately voice for the deaf student who wishes to ask questions or participate in a discussion. Students do not need to transport, assemble, or know how to use computer equipment. Additionally, there is no missed information due to technical problems. Notetakers can be used to provide notes for deaf or hard of hearing students during classes. The notes are usually read after class , which may reduce the effectiveness of teaching. The student usually does not have access to the lecture material at the same time it is presented with visual aids, nor does the student have the opportunity to follow the notes and ask questions during the lecture. The primary advantage of notetakers is that this service can often be provided at little or no cost. Some instructors are willing to provide the student a copy of their lecture notes and visual materials. Assistive listening devices, including hearing aids and FM amplification systems, can be used by students in classrooms. Many classrooms and auditoriums are already equipped with FM transmitter systems so that students can readily use an FM receiver and a hearing aid to hear the lecture. Some deaf and hard of hearing students are proficient in speechreading. This can be advantageous in situations where the student is in close proximity to the instructor and the instructor faces the student. In many classes, however, the instructor may be using a white board or overhead projector in a darkened room. Although speechreading can augment other methods, alone it is not sufficient for most students. CAPTIONING SERVICES Captioning is typically generated using a stenotype machine. The stenotype machine incorporates the use of a shorthand notation so that entire words can be entered with one or two keystrokes using a chorded keyboard in which more than one key may be activated simultaneously. The stenotype machine can also store macros and abbreviations to increase the transcription rate and allow accurate entry of technical words and phrases. This technology can provide an almost verbatim rendering of the instructor's lecture. …" @default.
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• W337396517 title "Remote Realtime Captioning for Classroom Participation by Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students" @default.
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