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• W337878421 abstract "Counter-terrorism efforts involve practices, tactics, techniques and strategies that are undertaken during organised operations by government, police, special operations forces, and intelligence services to counter-terrorist threats. These efforts include cutting offterrorist financing, providing foreign assistance, engaging in diplomacy, cooperating with other governments and intelligence services, military interventions and others. As a response to asymmetric conflict, at the forefront there is, in military language, the so called manhunt, which comprises the identification, capturing or killing of high-value targets in order to reduce damage that may occur during a terrorist attack. This includes government-sanctioned, targeted killing, though its critics describe it as a violation of international law and human rights.However, a few arguments for targeted killing are pointed out in scientific analysis of several cases of terrorist organisations. One of these analyses was undertaken by Jenna Jordan with the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs. She studied leadership decapitation of 96 terrorist groups between 1945 and 2004 and drew the conclusion that the vital factors of success or failure are the target's age, the size of his or her group and its motivations.1 Religious groups are more resistant to decapitation than nationalist organisations. However, it can be difficult to find a successor in very religious groups where the leader needs to have special skills which allow him to become some kind of authority, not only in terrorist activities but also in theology.Groups that are smaller and younger are more vulnerable to decapitation than more stable and older organisations. Additionally, the magnitude of this effect decreases over time. Bryan Price from Harvard University underlined the point that the earlier a leader of a new group is killed, the greater impact it will have on the group's mortality rate sooner the group will dissolve. In groups that have been active for more than 20 years, states can try to remove the leader by dividing it into factions that will fight against each other, though this strategy seems to be more difficult than decapitation.If an organisation does not carry out a terrorist attack in a period of two years' time after decapitation then it may be seen as successful. If a terrorist attack credited to this group happens within that time, then the decapitation is coded as a failure.2 Price points out that only 30% of decapitated groups (40 of 131) ended their activity in two years' time after losing their leader.3If the organisation is under the influence of the ideology of its leader and his values, which are abstract to its members, then the leader's death ends the existence of such a group. We can observe this relationship based on the case of the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo casus cult (also known now as Aleph), whose charismatic leader Shoko Asahara was captured two months after the group carried out a terrorist chemical attack in Tokyo in 1995. Since then the group has tried to execute biological bombings, but has been unsuccessful. Successors to Asahara have fought with each other, which has led to divisions in the organisation and the desertion of members of the group. This means, that the more centralised and hierarchical group is, the greater impact on the group will have leader's death. Aum before attack had 40 000 members, but after Shoko Asahara was captured it quickly start to shrinking. Since 1995 Aum conducted no successful attack.4Beside the U.S., another country with an active counter-terrorism policy that relies on targeted killing is Israel. Since 1988, Israel has conducted many operations in the West Bank, Gaza and outside the Palestinian autonomous zones. Most of them are directed against the leaders and top members of Hamas (including Yahya Ayyash, Sheikh Yassin, Al-Rantisi), Palestinian Islamic Jihad (Fathi Shiqaqi) and the terrorists who carried out the Munich attacks during the Summer Olympics of 1972. …" @default.
• W337878421 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W337878421 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W337878421 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W337878421 title "Targeting Terrorist Leaders: Limits and Opportunities" @default.
• W337878421 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
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