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- W338322537 abstract "WHEN I WAS BACK IN GRADUATE SCHOOL, I WAS ONE OF those budding critics who would always look for allusions and other forms of literary indebtedness. Mentors would say, That's intriguing, but where 's your proof? And that was enough, back in the 1970s, to end the conversation. Even Harold Bloom's 1973 The Anxiety of Influence failed to validate the study of indebtedness: his terms, such as clinamen or apophrades were too obscure for all but the Classically educated elite; his assumptions were too psychoanalytic in a pre-Lacanian literary environment. Yes, a major critic is indeed considering influence, one might hear, but one would still probably hear where's your proof, because Harold Bloom you're not.Then, along came Mikhail Bakhtin and Julia Kristeva. Bakhtin, in both his 1929 and 1963 studies of Dostoevsky's fiction, praises the Russian author's polyphony and asserts that, by including multiple voices, the author takes the novel genre to the pinnacle of its potential, a point Bakhtin will elaborate on in many other essays on the genre. Among these voices are the many types of double-directed or double-voiced discourse Bakhtin lists and studies in Chapter 4 of Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. The listing reflects Bakhtin's systematic mind, and it has struck some commentators as being, like much Russian structuralism, unduly scientific. However, the listing, which Bakhtin asserts to be far from exhaustive, does reveal that there are many kinds of relationships that exist between an author's discourse and those preceding discourses that it voices, with passive (controlled by author) and active (uncontrolled by author) providing one axis and unidirectional (consonant with original) and vari-directional (at odds with original) providing another. Together, they offer a 2 ? 2 grid onto which types of intertexts might be mapped. The discussion of the listing furthermore reveals that the borrowing may be of units large (e.g. a plot) or small (e.g. a single word). Because writing is rarely in a sufficient void so as to produce univocal discourse, almost all writers produce double-voiced (or multiple- voiced) discourse by simply working in a language that has been worked in by previous authors. Writers, much to Bakhtin's displeasure, in science or government may strive for a univocal style; however, writers of would-be literature typically accept the intertextual sea they are immersed in because they are well aware that they are using language that many, many others have used. And some, such as Dostoevsky, are more open to the intertextuality than others.Kristeva, commenting on Bakhtin in her 1966 essay Word, Dialogue and Novel, similarly positions the author's work in a discursive universe in which the new work fuses with this other discourse. Thus, largely unknown to the author, any text is constructed as a mosaic of quotation; any text is the absorption and transformation of another (37)· Later, in Resolution in Poetic Language (1974), she elaborates on this process, defining intertextuality as the transposition of one (or several) sign system(s) into another, and, with the novel as her example, distinguishes the study of intertexts from simplistic source study by noting that intertextuality demands a new articulation of the thetic - of enunciative and denotative positionality (59-60). What is then important is not that there is a source or intertext; rather, importance lies in the relationship between text and intertext and the mediated meaning that emerges from that relationship.Bakhtin is the rhetorician with a strong interest in linguistics; Kristeva's work evokes Lacan and feminism. Both, however, agree that when writers voice words, phrases, sentences, and even plot structures, their voicings carry with them entailments of all previous voicings. More often than not, the entailments escape notice - of the writer as well as the reader; however, sometimes, the entailments create, if not an allusion per se, an echo. …" @default.
- W338322537 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W338322537 date "2010-06-01" @default.
- W338322537 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
- W338322537 title "Gendered Terrorism: Intertext, Context, and Richard Flanagan’s 'The Unknown Terrorist'" @default.
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