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• W339316664 abstract "TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. THE EDUCATIONAL GOVERNANCE LANDSCAPE A. The Growth of the Federal Role in Education B. The No Child Left Behind Act C. Federal Education Law from the Capitol to the Classroom III. THE AMERICAN RECOVERY AND REINVESTMENT ACT A. Key Provisions 1. Funds for Existing Federal Educational Programs 2. The State Fiscal Stabilization Fund B. Implementation of the ARRA Educational Provisions 1. ARRA Guidance for Distribution and Use of Funds 2. Informal Federal Communications 3. States' Responses to Federal Efforts to Push Reform 4. Distribution of RTTTF Money IV. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ON THE REFORM STRATEGIES OF THE ARRA A. School Turnaround Policies B. Charter Schools C. Standards and Assessments D. The Educator Workforce and Linking Student and Teacher Data V. MOVING FROM THE ARRA TO THE REAUTHORIZATION OF NCLB A. Research, Politics, and the Stimulation of Educational Reform B. Recommendations for Reauthorizing NCLB VI. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) is primarily aimed at stimulating and stabilizing the American economy during the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression and reflects significantly new dimensions of federal action in the area of educational reform. (1) The ARRA devotes approximately one-eighth of its $787.2 billion total, or $97.4 billion, to education. (2) Of this $97.4 billion, $80.2 billion is devoted to K-12 public education. (3) While the ARRA is designed to keep school systems afloat in difficult financial times, (4) it is also aimed at fixing existing educational policy problems and sparking future educational reform efforts. (5) As such, the ARRA will frame the Obama administration's subsequent educational reform efforts, including the impending reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). (6) The ARRA provisions designed to spark legal and policy change represent a subtle but considerable expansion of the federal role that builds on NCLB and other recent educational reform efforts. In light of both political tradition and the belief that states and localities are best positioned to make decisions about education, the federal role in education historically has been small. (7) When the federal government has become deeply involved in education, it has focused primarily on civil rights issues and providing financial resources for the education of poor and minority students. (8) However, especially since the mid-1990s, the federal government increasingly has focused on student performance and sanctioning schools when students fail to demonstrate particular levels and types of performance. (9) The ARRA further expands the federal focus on student performance and contains an unprecedented emphasis at the federal level on spurring the development of particular state-level policies, especially affecting the organization of schools, which more directly targets the improvement of students' learning opportunities and achievement. In addition to strongly encouraging states to improve student learning standards and assessments, link student and teacher performance data, and develop teacher incentive systems based on such data, (10) the ARRA stresses specific school turnaround strategies and the implementation of robust charter school policies as the keys to large-scale educational reform. (11) Given historical concerns about the expansion of the federal role in education, recent critiques of this expansion as specifically embodied by NCLB, and the extent to which the ARRA will likely frame NCLB's impending reauthorization, it is imperative to understand the ways in which the ARRA expands the federal role in education and the implications of this change for schools. Accordingly, this Article analyzes the educational provisions of the ARRA. …" @default.
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• W339316664 date "2011-01-01" @default.
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• W339316664 title "Stimulating School Reform: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Shifting Federal Role in Education" @default.
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