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• W341690970 abstract "Introduction I. The Historical Development of the Private Search Doctrine and Search Warrant Requirement A. The Search Warrant Requirement B. The Private Search Doctrine C. Hard Drive Technology II. Discussion: How Should Hard Drives Be Viewed in the Fourth Amendment Context? A. Closed Containers: The Physical Box Approach B. Warehouses: The Virtual File Approach C. A New Approach?: United States v. Crist III. Argument: A New Approach--Virtual Files and Search Protocols A. Two Problematic Approaches B. Files and Search Protocols: A Proposal C. Application in Practice: How Would a Modified Approach Work? Conclusion INTRODUCTION In January 2009, Western Digital Corporation began shipment of the Caviar Green--the world's first two-terabyte hard drive. (1) This drive space is roughly equivalent to 129 million pages of Microsoft Word files, (2)--enough to fill the books contained on three floors of a typical academic library (3)--or up to 400,000 digital photos. (4) Far from the room-sized monstrosities of early computer technology, the Caviar Green stands just one inch tall, six inches long, four inches wide, and weighs less than two pounds. (5) Only a few years ago the average hard drive capacity was merely four percent of what is currently available. (6) While a technological marvel, this new massive storage capability also creates interesting and complex problems regarding individual privacy and the Fourth Amendment. The most pressing issue concerning hard drives and individual privacy is how they are conceptualized within Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. How courts decide to classify hard drives will have dramatic consequences on the security of the information stored on them. Federal courts only began analyzing this problem a decade ago, but during the ten years that have elapsed since the first major decision, computer technology grew exponentially. The majority of courts treat the entire hard drive as a single closed container. (7) Professor Orin Kerr has deemed this the box approach. (8) Looking at hard drives in this way renders the zone of a Fourth Amendment search to include the entire hard drive--no matter how large. In other words, a search warrant for one e-mail message has the effect of making everything on that hard drive eligible for investigators to examine. This view has the practical consequence of enabling government agents to access all of the information stored on a hard drive regardless of whether that information has anything to do with the reason the computer is being searched. Under the minority approach, individual files or folders on a hard drive are treated as separate entities. This approach treats the individual files or folders as the zone of the search and has been described as the approach. (9) In practice this means that each file or folder, depending on how broad or narrow the proper zone of search was drawn, would constitute a separate container in terms of traditional Fourth Amendment doctrine. Recently, in United States v. Crist, a district court tried to safeguard individual rights by characterizing hard drives in what it believed to be an alternative to the closed container and virtual file approaches. (10) Crist dealt with a government search of a computer that had been previously accessed by a private party and the issue of how far, if at all, the government could exceed the scope of the properly conducted private search. The court explicitly held that a hard drive is not analogous to a single closed container and that viewing it as such would impermissibly jeopardize privacy rights. (11) Importantly, however, Crist held that the individual platters---or smaller physical subsections of the hard drive--were analogous to closed containers. (12) Accordingly, the court ruled that the government could not search an entire hard drive consisting of multiple platters. …" @default.
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• W341690970 date "2009-11-01" @default.
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• W341690970 title "How Safe is Your Data: Conceptualizing Hard Drives under the Fourth Amendment" @default.
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