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• W342493411 abstract "Why Hizbullah is Winning Review Article by Augustus Richard Norton The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program, by Joseph Elie Alagha. Leiden: Amsterdam University Press, 2006. 380 pages. 49.50 euros. Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years, ed. by Houchang E. Chehabi. London, UK: Centre for Lebanese Studies and I.B. Tauris, 2006. xiv + 308 pages. Index to p. 322. $39.50. In the Path of Hizbullah, by Ahmed Nizar Hamzeh. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2004. 242 pages. Gloss. Notes. Bibl. $24.95. Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism, by Judith Palmer Harik. London, UK and New York: I.E. Tauris, 2004. xiii + 202 pages. Maps. Notes to p. 220. SeI. bibl. to p. 233. Index to p. 241.$24.95. Hizbullah: The Story from Within, by Nairn Qassem. London, UK: Saqi Books, 2005. 320 pages. $29.95. Hizbullah: Politics and Religion, by Amal Saad-Ghorayeb. London, UK and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2002. x + 191 pages. Appends, to p. 193. Gloss, to p. 195. Notes to p. 234. Sel. bibl. top. 242. Index to p. 254. $22.50 paper. Fadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi'ite Leader, by Jamal Sankari. London, UK: Saqi Books, 2005. 340 pages. $42.50. The outcome of the summer war of 2006 between Israel and Hizbullah was hardly the one anticipated by the governments of the United States, Israel, and Lebanon. To a significant degree, the misreading of the Lebanese political tapestry stems from a penchant for leading officials to fall for black and white perspectives that are devoid of nuance. The resulting oversimplified perspective then prompts policy responses rooted in fantasy rather than grounded in reality. This is not a problem limited to Lebanon, of course, as one may readily confirm by looking south to Palestine and Israel or east to Iraq. In part, the problem stems from the categorical legal classification of Hizbullah, and groups like it, as organizations. Terrorist is a very useful rhetorical bludgeon, one that has been wielded by many states to delegitimize, even dehumanize, radical or revolutionary groups. According to US law, anyone supporting Hizbullah is supporting a group. By definition, any act of violence that it commits or seeks to commit is an act of This policy approach means that there are no gray areas of justifiable behavior in which terrorists may lurk. This may be convenient for law enforcement officials, spies, or soldiers, but it does not help to understand why a group such as Hizbullah has been able to sustain an impressive following in Lebanon or to constitute the only real institutionalized political party in the country. Rather than defining terrorism by virtue of who does it, an analytical perspective would approach the issue in terms of what is being done. In this sense, terrorism is construed as opprobrious because it is characterized by the intentional conduct of political violence against protected categories of persons, namely civilians, and civilian sites such as schools, hospitals, restaurants, buses, trains, or planes. Terrorism is not merely violence or the threat of violence, but a particular type of violence. The problem with slapping the terrorist label on Hizbullah in particular is that there are not only gray areas, but also a variety of Hizbullah activities that have nothing to do with terrorism as generally understood. For instance, during Israel's long occupation of southern Lebanon (1978-2000), resistance violence mounted by Hizbullah, or other groups, against the occupation forces and their Lebanese allies may not be seriously construed as terrorism. The primary reason that the United States has not succeeded in convincing most European states to endorse its blanket designation of Hizbullah as a terrorist organization is because many of these states insist on a more precise conception of Equally important, while there is no doubt about Hizbullah's enmity toward Israel, even after Israel's unilateral withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000, the group has proven itself quite sophisticated in terms of operating within the rules of the game. …" @default.
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