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• W342924673 abstract "[1] Scholars have recently begun to create theoretical models that help us to register important differences within contemporary transgendered identifications. In 1990, Judith Butler's Gender Trouble denaturalized norms of gender and sexuality, performing a critique of prior feminist work on gender that not only influenced subsequent directions in feminist studies but also initiated theory. Yet as Jay Prosser argues in Second Skins, theory in the 1990's often deployed gender instability or as a trope for sexualities, a move he finds exemplified in Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's Tendencies. This tendency to subordinate the study of gender to the study of sexuality and to emphasize the of both was challenged both by Prosser's book and by Judith Halberstam's Female Masculinity. These books draw attention to desires for bodily transformation and fixed cross-gender identifications that were obscured by the fluidity model. [2] There are important differences between Prosser's and Halberstam's positions, however. Halberstam only partially concurs with Prosser's critique of a kind of postmodern that would have one making rapid changes in gender presentation from day to day: she allows for degree of movement in gender, especially over long stretches of time (147). Also, although both Prosser and Halberstam situate their work under the banner transgender, Prosser is principally concerned in Second Skins wih transsexuality. Though he critiques Butler's early work for its elision of questions of transsexual embodiment, his argument--upon which Gayle Salamon has recently placed considerable pressure--is very hard to sustain when extended to the broader range of practices, particularly those forms that do not rely on bodily interventions. Halberstam, by contrast, opens up the category transgender to include a wider range of embodiments. She argues for the inclusion of butch subjectivity and challenges from numerous angles the implicit hierarchy that privileges the trans-ness of persons that desire or obtain sex reassignment surgery. [3] Halberstam's broadly conceived idea of transgender can be opened up even further within literary and cultural studies. Sandy Stone's pioneering work on performance points to this kind of expansive thinking. In a posttranssexual manifesto labeled by the editors of The Transgender Studies Reader as the protean text from which studies emerged, she argues that in order to counteract the colonization of their bodies by the binary gender system, transsexuals should refuse to pass and instead allow their bodies and life histories to be read so as to disrupt its terms (Stryker and Whittle 221). Similarly, anthropologist Jason Cromwell has observed that sex reassignment surgery works to queer trans bodies and desires, including not only binary notions of sex and gender but also conceptualizations of homosexuality, heterosexuality, and bisexuality, which only make sense with regard to non-transgendered bodies and life histories (515). Taking this even further, psychoanalyst-in-training Griffin Hansbury draws useful (though of course rough and contestable) distinctions between different varieties of what he calls the transmasculine identities: the men he calls the woodworkers seek to blend into normatively gendered life after sex reassignment; the transmen transition into masculine embodiments but will (to some degree) publicly identify as trans; and the genderqueers scramble gender signals and sometimes forego medical intervention, seeking to disrupt others' perceptions of their gender. [4] Hansbury's distinctions point to the co-existence of multiple forms of transgender. They also suggest that along with the destabilization of gender effected within theory by Butler's work has come a theoretical basis for understanding the proliferation of new ways of doing gender, even though Gender Trouble itself--as Kathleen Chapman and Michael DuPlessis point out--places more emphasis on the subversion of binary gender than on the production of new genders (Chapman and Duplessis 237). …" @default.
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• W342924673 date "2010-06-01" @default.
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• W342924673 title "Woolf's Orlando and the Resonances of Trans Studies" @default.
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