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• W343202013 abstract "Damage to concrete due to freeze-thaw (F-T) action is a serious concern for agencies in cold regions of the United States. The most effective method to protect concrete from F-T damage is through the addition of an air entraining agent as an admixture that creates a well distributed, closely spaced, small sized air void system in the concrete. Air content measurement in fresh concrete is a routine quality control and acceptance test procedure that helps to ensure good durability characteristics in the concrete structure. Most agencies, including the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), in accordance with industry recommendations, perform the air content measurement at the point of placement in a concrete structure. Between 1993 and 2008, CDOT changed its specifications due to safety considerations of the field personnel. Air content measurements were performed at the point of delivery during this period. While structures built during this period did meet specifications, it is not clear whether the pumping and the placement operations altered the air void distribution. For planning future maintenance activities, CDOT was interested in evaluating the relative condition of bridge decks built under the point of delivery specification and verifying if they indeed possessed good F-T durability. After a thorough review of 600 bridges in CDOT’s database, six bridges in the Denver metro area in districts 1and 4 were selected for study. NBI ratings for the selected bridges ranged from 5 to 7. Three of the bridge decks were constructed before 1993 (using the point of placement specification), and three were constructed between 1993 and 2008 (using the point of delivery specification). Three cores from each structure were extracted, and two cores were tested as part of the forensic evaluation plan set up for this study. The tests included petrographic analysis as per ASTM C 856, air void analyses and total air content determination (including specific surface and spacing factor) as per ASTM C 457, and chloride profile measurement at three different depths as per ASTM 1152. The test results indicate that the bridge decks built under both specifications have an acceptable air void system and that the bridges built under the point of delivery specification have better F-T resistance than the structures built under the point of placement specification. This implies that good materials and construction practices were used and there is no alarming difference in the quality of bridge decks built under the two specifications. This does not suggest, however, that the point of delivery specification should be adopted. The sample size selected for this study is very small, and the results need to be interpreted with care. Concerning implementation, CDOT does not need any additional change of plans with bridge deck maintenance activities. However, CDOT has to take additional steps to ensure that bridge decks built in the future possess the air void distribution required for good durability. Also, the impact of other mix design and construction parameters on the air void system should be considered to achieve desired durability levels." @default.
• W343202013 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W343202013 date "2009-12-01" @default.
• W343202013 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W343202013 title "Concrete Deck Performance Relative to Air Entrainment" @default.
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