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• W346164023 abstract "ABSTRACT In recent decades, there has emerged a worldwide movement for reinventing the state and government in favor of market forces, promarket policies and roles, and businesslike structures and standards. Under such a reinvented state, there are corresponding changes in terms of how, for what, and to whom public officials are held accountable. These new trends have some major critical implications for the realizations of public accountability. This article explores these concerns with special reference to developing nations. INTRODUCTION In the past, concern for public accountability received special attention from scholars and policy makers in various postcolonial developing nations pursuing a nascent mode of democratic governance. Beyond the common obstacles to the realization of public accountability--such as the expanding scope and complexity of government functions, increasing difficulty in gathering reliable information, and growing power of permanent bureaucratic experts--these newly emerging nation-states allegedly faced other unique challenges such as weak political institutions, military intervention, vulnerable civil society, gap between borrowed bureaucratic norms and indigenous social values, absence of strong political opposition, and so on (Haque, 1994; Smith, 1991). Other barriers to accountability included various forms of bureau pathologies like centralization, lack of capacity, corruption, and rent seeking behaviour (Therkildsen, 2001). Paradoxically, in order to overcome such external and internal factors constraining public accountability, there is even more necessity to pursue all major means to reinforce accountability, especially because it is likely to promote organizational responsiveness, individual performance, and overall standards (Rosenbloom, 1989; Hayllar, 2000). However, central to the problems of public accountability in developing nations is the nature of their state formation, indicating the composition of state power structure (comprising major branches of government), extent of bureaucratic power, pattern of state-society relations, citizens' rights or entitlements to public sector services, and so on. It has been observed that although postcolonial societies adopted the common measures of accountability (e.g. legislative committees, ministerial supervision, administrative tribunals, judicial control, media scrutiny), due to the overdeveloped status and expansive interventionist role of bureaucracy, these mechanisms became relatively ineffective in many instances (Haque, 1998). For example, in various Asian and African countries, the overdeveloped state apparatus came to play a dominant role, exercise extensive autonomy from society, and mould major social classes and groups (Alavi, 1972; Westergaard, 1985). This trend of overwhelming state power and intervention became more systemic in some of the socialist states. Even the so-called developmental state articulated by scholars in the context of some Asian countries, was found to be based on considerable government intervention and expansive role of technocratic bureaucracy (Therkildsen, 2001). In Latin America, the bureaucratic-authoritarian state introduced various forms of repression and excluded the popular sector from state power (Haque, 1998). Under all these state formations observed in the developing world, it was hardly possible to discern the effective realization of government's accountability to various sections of the public. More recently, in line with the worldwide trend to restructure or reinvent the state, many developing countries have pursued significant state reforms based on greater emphasis on market competition, non-intervention, debureaucratization, and corporatization, which has critical impacts on public accountability (Romzek, 2000). Under such a newly emerging promarket state, the nature of accountability has changed, in general, from inputs and processes to outputs and results, from vertical (superior-subordinate) to horizontal (shared or joint) structures, from citizens' rights to customers' demands, and so on (Haque, 2000). …" @default.
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• W346164023 date "2007-12-22" @default.
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• W346164023 title "LIMITS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY UNDER THE REINVENTED STATE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS" @default.
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