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• W347590002 abstract "ABSTRACT Democracy, autonomy and capacity are the standards of accountability of a republic, which is what the Philippine state aspires to be. The liberalization agenda, including regulatory governance, privatization, public-private partnerships, public enterprises, local regulation, and civil society involvement, and non-economic reforms, are assessed against these standards. While some reforms result in greater democracy, autonomy and capacity, weak institutionalization and haphazard enforcement, amidst continued elite privilege and societal acceptance and involvement in corruption, hamper attempts at accountability enhancement. The Philippines has a long way to go before it truly qualifies as a INTRODUCTION: STANDARDS OF STATE ACCOUNTABILITY A new state is supposed to be developing in the Philippines, one called a strong republic. [1] It is an apt term, for it encapsulates the three standards of accountability by which the state should be measured. First, the term stresses the democratic context in which state strength is to be nurtured. Filipinos have chosen democracy, after ousting a dictator in 1986, in the hope that it would guarantee that required public choices will be made responsibly to people's demands and the requirements of the economy (De Dios and Hutchcroft, 2003:64). A republic manifests two other characteristics: autonomy and capacity. Autonomy refers to the state's independence from class and sectoral interests so that it stands for the interests of the people rather than of a powerful minority (Macapagal-Arroyo, 2003). The desired autonomy is embedded, that is, the state is relatively independent from other social forces, relative because permeable and responsive to them (Ahrens, 2002). It contemplates a state able to balance the demands of an independent nation with the challenges of a global economy. It is also a positive quality of aligning itself with deserving protagonists particularly among the poor and the previously excluded. Liberal theory gives the autonomous state the role of a neutral arbiter in society. However, few states have been able to function as such. They are not necessarily constant supporters of the elite either, as Marxism implies. Elsewhere I have suggested the image of the state as a referee, usually playing on the team of the powerful rich, but sometimes forced to give ear to demands of the vulnerable sectors (Carino, 1992). Embedded autonomy contemplates the state regularly attempting to move towards that principled affirmative mediation. Capacity encompasses social control and legitimacy. Social control is the capability of the state to get people to behave differently from what they would otherwise do, while legitimacy is the capacity to get people to accept and approve its control as true and right (Migdal, 1988). Capacity also includes the state's ability to reform itself to be a more effective and accountable instrument of the people (Rohr, 1990:63). Democracy, autonomy and capacity are then the standards of accountability of a They are not qualities to be attained once and for all but are progressive norms whose lodestar moves farther the closer the state gets to them. Moreover, these standards are intertwined and reinforce each other. Democracy is not only the assumed context of policy decisions, but also endows vital direction to autonomy and capacity. Autonomy per se may only serve to insulate the state from its citizens. Autonomy in a democracy, meanwhile, eschews dictation from the elite but seeks the voice of ordinary citizens in the spirit of power to the people. Capacity could produce a state efficient in abusing human rights and strangling private initiative; but a democratic state uses its capacity to efficiently serve the public interest. At the same time, democracy without autonomy or capacity may only manifest populism attuned only to present-day demands, sans the political will to make difficult decisions on behalf of the inarticulate or of future stakeholders. …" @default.
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• W347590002 date "2008-03-22" @default.
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• W347590002 title "Towards a Strong Republic: Enhancing the Accountability of the Philippine State" @default.
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