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• W348486924 abstract "(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) ANY COMPARISON OF IPA TRANSCRIPTIONS of French song or aria texts with each other will quickly reveal differences in approach-some minor, and some quite substantial and fundamental. The same could be said of other languages as well, but this article will focus on the variety of transcription methods found in the literature on French lyric diction, with a view to recommending a policy that best reflects the particular concerns of the musician. One could well ask, if all sources are attempting to transcribe accurately essentially the same phonetic and musical result, why such a profusion of approaches exists. As we shall see, there are several reasons, some of which apply across all languages. French lyric texts will either be poetic and metered, or else prosaic. On rare occasions melodie texts will be set to prose texts, such as Ravel's Histoires naturelles. Traditional French opera literature will exhibit a combination of prose texts (as in the recitatives and ariosos) and poetic texts (as in arias, ensembles, and choruses). The understanding in stage performance is that syle soutenu will always be employed, unless a particular effect is desired, to indicate social distinction, informal conversation, and the like-as is the case in the textile factory scene in Charpentier's Louise. A number of features of the French language have given rise to the variety of policies adopted by authors when transcribing French lyric texts phonetically. Each of these considerations will be discussed in turn. SUPRASEGMENTAL DIVISION In order to avoid a visually confusing array of symbols without breaks, transcriptions follow either a syllable-based or a word-based division. Although the IPA endorses a syllable-break period [ . ] to indicate phonetic syllable junctures, this notation is not often encountered, and is usually reserved for discussions directly pertaining to syllabification.1 An empty space serves the same purpose, and is the most commonly encountered method in lyric transcriptions. The period becomes cumbersome with open syllables ending in a long vowel, resulting in ungainly nomenclature, as in sauvage [so.va:. 3e]. In French, one issue is whether to transcribe entire words as units, leaving a space for word breaks (as orthography itself does), or whether to separate all phonetic syllables, whether at word breaks or not. The following example from Chausson illustrates: Word junctures are no longer in evidence in syllable-based transcriptions. In any transcription of entire phrases or sentences, a word-based policy must of course be modified to reflect liaisons, elisions, and enchainements. Thus, in the example, even a word-based transcription would naturally modify [trist(e) e] to [tri ste] - in effect, a phrasally-based transcription. Such transcriptions regularly create clusters of symbols across word boundaries. If the IPA syllable-break period were to be introduced into French transcription, we would have either the wordbased 1) ... in which the period is employed lexically in polysyllabic words only; or any of the following syllable-based transcriptions 2) ... 3) ... 4) ... The visual crowding of version 2) is solved in 3), which distinguishes between word and syllable junctures through the use of empty spaces in the former. The word-break periods seem redundant though, since 1) accomplishes the same thing more simply. Version 4) also solves the visual crowding of 2), and has the advantage of conforming to the syllable-timed rhythm of the language. As with phonological analyses of French phrases and sentences, the word as a unit ceases to have significance in 4). If sufficient space is provided between symbols to render obvious the phonetic syllable breaks, then a fifth version results, without the need of periods: 5) ... This format is widely encountered in the literature on French lyric diction, and is the one recommended here. …" @default.
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• W348486924 date "2011-05-01" @default.
• W348486924 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W348486924 title "Toward a Transcription Standard for Lyric French" @default.
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