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• W349095311 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION 967 II. THE EVOLUTION OF MUNICIPAL LIABILITY FOR CONSTITUTIONAL TORTS ......... 971 III. DIVISION IN THE CIRCUITS AND SCHOLARLY OPINION 978 A. The Circuit Split 978 B. Scholarly Debate 984 IV. CONCEPTS OF FEDERALISM WEIGH IN FAVOR OF A NO-LIABILITY RULE 986 V. CONCLUSION 997 I. INTRODUCTION Section 1983 provides legal and equitable relief for citizens whose constitutional rights have been deprived by state actors.1 The statute has also been interpreted to provide money damages against municipalities that, through the enforcement of municipal policies, inflict constitutional harm.2 This Comment addresses the question of whether municipalities may be held liable for enforcing state laws. It argues that municipalities should not be held liable for damages flowing from the enforcement of state laws because such liability undermines principles of federalism. The Supreme Court should resolve the federal circuit split on this issue by extending Eleventh Amendment immunity to municipalities when they act as state law enforcers. Such an extension is consistent with the principles of federalism, remains true to the policies established in Monell v. Department of Social Services of New York,3 and eliminates the unfair and intractable situation municipalities now find themselves in with respect to enforcement of constitutionally risky state statutes. Tracing a recent example helps to illuminate the issue. On April 6, 2002, New York City police officers arrested Carlos Vives for violating a state criminal harassment statute that prohibited communication of annoying or alarming materials through the mail.4 The charge was based on Vives's transmission of inflammatory religious materials through the mail to Jane Hoffman, a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York.5 The district attorney ultimately dropped the charges, but Vives subsequently sued for false arrest under § 1983.6 The District Court for the Southern District of New York held that the harassment statute violated the First Amendment and enjoined its enforcement against Vives.7 Regarding the issue of municipal liability, the district court questioned whether the city had truly been commanded to enforce the statute.8 The court rejected the city's argument that it could not be liable because it had been enforcing a state (rather than city) law, and held that the city's policy of enforcing state law was one to which liability could attach.9 Thus, Carlos Vives was able to collect money damages directly from the city for its enforcement of (what it believed to be) a valid state law.10 Vives is a paradigm case for the issue this Comment seeks to address. As with most criminal laws in the United States, the statute in this case, New York Penal Law section 240.30, was passed by the New York legislature,11 signed into law by the governor,12 and upheld by state courts.13 Yet despite the state's creation and promulgation of the statute, the Eleventh Amendment shields the state from monetary liability for rights violations arising from the statute.14 The Eleventh Amendment prohibits federal courts from hearing suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State,15 and has been interpreted to prohibit all suits against unconsenting states in federal court.16 States are further shielded from liability for civil rights infractions by the Supreme Court's holding that states are not persons within the meaning of § 1983. …" @default.
• W349095311 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W349095311 date "2006-01-01" @default.
• W349095311 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W349095311 title "A Common Field of Vision: Municipal Liability for State Law Enforcement and Principles of Federalism in Section 1983 Actions" @default.
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