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• W350475274 abstract "The earliest exponent of Antitrinitarianism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth seems to have been Piotr of Goniadz, who brought this theology back to his native land in the mid-1550s after a lengthy stay abroad. Under the influence of the German-speaking Anabaptist communitarians in Moravia, usually known as Hutterites, whom he had visited in the course of his foreign travels, Piotr adopted not only Antitrinitarianism but also nonresistance (Wehrlosigkeit). Nonresistants rejected all forms of violence including war and capital punishment; for them the state, though a necessary evil, was essentially an unchristian institution, and a magistrate could not be a member of the congregation of the faithful. Thus, if a magistrate joined, he would have to resign his position, while exclusion resulted in the case of any member accepting an office. Antitrinitarianism. In Poland and Lithuania rapidly made converts inside the Calvinist Reformed Church, though remaining a minority in that body; they finally separated from the majority to form their own Minor Church in 1565. Members of the Minor Church for many decades enjoyed practical, if not formal, tolerance in a country where religious freedom was more extensive than it was in most other parts of contemporary Europe. At the beginning many leading Brethren (as they called themselves), both laymen and clergy, had espoused nonresistance, writing and speaking on its behalf and striving to make it an essential tenet of their church, which a strict ecclesiastical discipline could enforce on its members. But in fact the nonresistants never succeeded in achieving their goal, especially as they usually combined nonresistance with a radical social ideology, which rejected serfdom and the existing class structure and called upon Antitrinitarian ministers to earn their living by manual labor. Nonresistants and social radicals were stronger in the congregations situated in the Kingdom of Poland, and particularly in Little Poland (Malopolska), than in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania where aristocrats and landed gentry played an important role in the Minor Church from its very beginning. But for a least half a decade after that church was set up, a vocal minority of nonresistants existed in the Grand Duchy centering in the Wilno congregation from where they conducted an energetic campaign to get other congregations in the Grand Duchy to accept their viewpoint. But eventually most of these radicals moved to the -- for them -- more congenial atmosphere of the Kingdom (Korona). Thus arose a prolonged controversy over the between the Polish Brethren -- or Racovians as they were known from their center in the town of Rakow in southern Poland -- the Brethren.(1) Among the Polish Brethren nonresistance only began to wane toward the end of the sixteenth century. But in Lithuania advocacy of nonresistance had almost entirely disappeared by the late 1570s.(2) If any one man was responsible for this development it was the redoubtable Szymon (Simon) Budny (d. c. 1595) who both with his pen and his organizing abilities, and with the powerful support of prominent Antitrinitarian magnates in the Grand Duchy like Jan Kiszka, promoted social conservatism as well as acceptance of the office of the sword within the Congregation of Christ, that is, within the ranks of the Antitrinitarian church. In 1583 Budny published a formidable treatise in defense of the sword, in which he attempted to refute, in particular, the views of Marcin Czechowic, a leading exponent of nonresistance among the Polish Brethren. He also included in the volume documentary material of great value to historians today because Antitrinitarian archives, with a few exceptions, have since disappeared, victims of war and the bigotry of their religious opponents. Among the materials Budny printed was an official statement put out by the Lithuanian Brethren stating their position on the magistracy. …" @default.
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• W350475274 date "1998-03-22" @default.
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• W350475274 title "Antitrinitarians in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania against Nonresistance, 1583" @default.
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