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• W35151929 abstract "Optical fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to obtain biological functions of specific targets (1, 2). However, the intrinsic fluorescence of biomolecules poses a problem when visible light (350–700 nm) absorbing fluorophores are used. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence (700–1,000 nm) detection avoids the background fluorescence interference of natural biomolecules, providing a high contrast between target and background tissues. NIR fluorophores have wider dynamic range and minimal background as a result of reduced scattering compared with visible fluorescence detection. They also have high sensitivity, resulting from low infrared background, and high extinction coefficients, which provide high quantum yields. The NIR region is also compatible with solid-state optical components, such as diode lasers and silicon detectors. NIR fluorescence imaging is becoming a non-invasive alternative to radionuclide imaging.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) consists of at least six isoforms of various numbers of amino acids (121, 145, 165, 183, 189, and 206 amino acids) produced through alternative splicing (3). VEGF121, VEGF165, and VEGF189 are the forms secreted by most cell types and are active as homodimers linked by disulfide bonds. VEGF121 does not bind to heparin like the other VEGF species do (4). VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor that induces proliferation, sprouting, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. There are three high-affinity tyrosine kinase VEGF receptors (VEGFR-1, Flt-1; VEGFR-2, KDR/Flt-1; and VEGFR-3, Flt-4) on endothelial cells. Several types of non-endothelial cells such as hematopoietic stem cells, melanoma cells, monocytes, osteoblasts, and pancreatic β cells also express VEGF receptors (3).VEGF is overexpressed in various tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells (5). Inhibition of VEGF receptor function has been shown to inhibit pathological angiogenesis as well as tumor growth and metastasis (6, 7). Radiolabeled VEGF has been developed as a single-photon emission computed tomography tracer for imaging solid tumors and angiogenesis in humans (8-10). However, several studies have shown that cancer treatments (photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) can lead to increased tumor VEGF expression and subsequently to more aggressive disease (11, 12). Therefore, it is important to measure VEGF levels in the tumors to design better anti-cancer treatment protocols. Bevacizumab is a humanized antibody against VEGF-A. It binds to all VEGF isoforms. Bevacizumab is approved for clinical use in metastatic colon carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Chang et al. (13) prepared Alexa Fluor 680-bevacizumab (Alexa680-bevacizumab) for imaging VEGF expression in tumors. Alexa680 is a NIR fluorescent dye with absorbance maximum at 684 nm and emission maximum at 707 nm with a high extinction coefficient of 183,000 (mol/L)-1cm-1." @default.
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• W35151929 date "2008-12-16" @default.
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• W35151929 title "Alexa Fluor 680-Bevacizumab" @default.
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