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• W35245888 abstract "Gold was discovered near present-day Johannesburg in 1886. Mining-induced seismicity was first encountered in the early 1900s when extensive stopes reached depths of several hundred meters. The State appointed committees in 1908, 1915, 1924, 1964 and 2005 to investigate the cause of the tremors and to recommend mitigating measures. The 1908 Committee recommended that seismographs be installed and scientific observations began in 1910. The main mitigating strategies that were developed were: (i) mining layouts and regional support systems (e.g. strike and dip pillar systems, backfill) that controlled the release of seismic energy through the geometry and sequence of mining; (ii) local support units and systems (e.g. rapid-yielding hydraulic props, pre-stressed elongates, yielding tendons) that limited rockburst damage; and (iii) seismic monitoring technology that continually assesses the hazard and the effectiveness of measures to control seismic activity (e.g. through the rate of mining). Implementation of these technologies, together with improvements in training, work organization and regulation, have reduced fatality rates and made it possible to mine successfully at depths of 4 kilometers. 1. RISKS POSED BY ROCKBURSTS Gold was discovered in 1886 in quartz pebble conglomerates that crop out near present-day Johannesburg (Figure 1). As mining operations followed the ore body, the dipping “reefs” were found to persist to great depths. Today mining is taking place 4 km below the surface. The conglomerates had been deposited on the rim of an Archean sedimentary basin, which is largely covered by younger strata. The reefs were traced by geological inference and geophysical mapping, and new gold fields were discovered in the East Rand district in 1914, the Far West Rand and Klerksdorp districts in 1937, the Free State in 1946, and the Kinross district in 1955. Handley, 2004 Cartwright & Cowan, 1978 Figure 1. Early mining near Johannesburg The Witwatersrand Basin has produced almost one-third of the gold ever mined (Handley 2004), although the human cost has been enormous. Mining-induced seismicity and its hazardous manifestation, rockbursts, were first encountered in the early 1900s when extensive stopes, supported solely by small reef pillars, reached depths of several hundred meters. In 1961 Dr H Simmons wrote, “Thirty-six thousand men have been killed in accidents on the gold mines since the beginning of the century” (Simmons, 1960). In the 2012 report of the Department of" @default.
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• W35245888 date "2012-04-01" @default.
• W35245888 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W35245888 title "History of endeavours to mitigate the rockburst risk in South African mines" @default.
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