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• W365596 abstract "The dominant representation of the karayuki-san is as Japanese women who went to work as prostitutes, mainly in Southeast Asia, but also in places such as Siberia, Manchuria, China, the South Pacific, Australian colonies, and even the United States after the Meiji Restoration (1868). The majority of the karayuki-san are deemed to have come from western Kyushu, particularly the impoverished islands of Amakusa.(1) From these islands, young teen-age girls were sold by their parents or unwittingly signed themselves over to procurers, who in turn sold them to overseas brothels. Moreover, the women are usually presented as retaining feelings of filial piety to their parents, together with loyalty to Japan, as testified by their sending of money home to help support their former households and by donating funds to the Japanese military in times of war. Some women even helped in the founding of Japanese overseas interests and communities by starting their own businesses and operating as an important source of finance for other Japanese enterprises. My study begins from a historical interest in the concerns of the circumstantial character of the karayuki-san as an object. The ways of presenting the karayuki-san are a very selective practice, dismissive of other competing explanations and descriptions of what the women signify. It is exemplary how effectively the Japanese administrators' prewar concepts, which cast the karayuki-san as obscene and harmful, have been debunked by feminist reinscription of these women as a by-product of history resulting from the malfunctioning of fundamental forces and mechanisms of Japanese society. Does this not suggest that evaluations of or falsehood of these propositions on the karayuki-san depends on the style of reasoning appropriate to them? It raises a series of questions, such as: How does one explain the shift? What is the result of the development of distinct conceptual schemes that claim to be able to describe who and what the women are? Does this not strongly suggest that a style of reasoning arises in historical contexts? Could it be that the bodies of arguments, statements, propositions, and descriptions of the karayuki-san depend for their existence on contingent events? Indeed, does this not invite a possible beginning for an investigation of the karayuki-san by concentrating on the shifting historical circumstances in which the women emerged as objects of governmental and social concern, as populations to be governed, as objects of ethical and moral debate? This aim of this article is to map a genealogy (Foucault, 1972: 83)(2) of the notion karayuki-san. This consists of historically tracing the origins of the category karayuki-san and the shifts, breaks, and reformulations of this category within history. That is to say, this enterprise involves examining, from a number of viewpoints, the different practices upon which the karayuki-san were identified and formulated as being problematic. This approach problematizes the empiricist claim to absolute knowledge of the past, which seeks to intellectually legitimate itself by claiming access to the truth of past experience. I argue, instead, that the recording and documentation of the karayuki-san from particular points of view and concerns in the present align the conduct of the women with political objectives and programs for ordering economic and social life, and links the act of remembering the women via documentation to current sites of struggle between competing constructions of national identity. The women's documentation, the material arrangement of words, and, in the case of films, words in combination with visual signs produce a social commentary that emphasizes particular ways of recognizing who the women are. The archives, newspaper accounts, and documentary narratives produce a framework of statements and practices grounded in a positive knowledge of who these women were, inscribe certain rationalities as to what their existence constituted, analyze and evaluate what effects their existence had, identify the origins of the women and programs devised to regulate and govern their conduct, and produce official and popular memories of them. …" @default.
• W365596 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W365596 date "1994-06-22" @default.
• W365596 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W365596 title "The Making of Prostitutes in Japan: The 'Karayuki-San.' (Japan Enters the 21st Century)" @default.
• W365596 hasPublicationYear "1994" @default.
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