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• W36597094 abstract "causal explanation of morphological adaptation and the origins of species. They can be studied at a wide range of levels from molecular genetics to population genetics, from the most abstract mathematical theory to paleontology, and in microbes or mammals. As in any complex system, of course, speed of progress is limited by the slowest moving part, and an advance in one section usually brings you up sharp against a wall of ignorance in another. The subject of human origins has always had a sense of otherness to most biological evolutionists. Darwin care? fully steered away from it at first, for obvious tactical as well as technical reasons. The fossil record has always been rather scanty, and there is the additional complication of culture and human intelligence. But what better subject could there be for evolutionary investigation than human evolution? There are major mor? phological and functional changes to be explained, partic? ularly in brain size, cranio-facial structure and upright bipedal locomotion. Even more interesting, human evolu? tion requires the interpretation of patterns and mecha? nisms of evolutionary change in groups of populations that were extraordinarily widely distributed (everywhere except Antarctica and, until about 60,000 years ago, Aus? tralia), geographically quite distinct, and yet only existed in very small numbers. There are probably more deer in Pennsylvania and more mice in Philadelphia than there ever were human beings worldwide, say, 75,000 years ago. How did these populations arise; how did they evolve? The rival theories proposed to answer these questions challenge some of the central assumptions in evolution? ary theory. Paleoanthropologists are dealing with some of the most fascinating questions in evolution and have a unique perspective on the origin of species. The elemental facts of human diversity, whether re? vealed by paleontology or by population studies of living people, are still incomplete, but have grown enormously in the past 30 years (1). The present fossil record of the species Homo sapiens extends back, depending on defini? tions, as little as 100,000 or as much as 200,000 to 400,000 years. Homo sapiens is known in various forms, including anatomically modern human beings, ourselves includ? ed, and various archaic human forms, such as Nean? derthals, of which much more later. The genus Homo ex? tends back to about 1.8 million years ago, possibly 2.4 million years ago. Within Homo, a number of species have been recognized, most commonly Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Like Homo sapiens, H. erectus has a very broad dis? tribution from Asia to Europe. The closest relative of the genus Homo is usually thought to be Australopithecus, the fossil record of which extends back to about 3.8 million years. Australopithecus is rather more diverse, both morphologically and taxonomically, than Homo, with two main divisions: robust and gracile of physique. Homo is thought to have derived from the gracile side. Here then is change over time, constantly refined by the discovery of new materials. As we will see, these fossil materials form an incomplete mosaic, within which it is ex? tremely difficult to draw boundaries and trace relationships." @default.
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• W36597094 date "2016-01-01" @default.
• W36597094 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W36597094 title "The Challenge of Human Origins" @default.
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