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- W369103878 abstract "CONTENTS1.1 Introduction 21.2 General Aspects of Sampling and Sample Handling 31.2.1 Initial Considerations 31.2.2 Spatial Aspects 31.2.3 Temporal Aspects 31.2.4 Number of Samples 51.2.5 Sample Volume 51.2.6 Storage and Conservation 61.2.6.1 Contamination 61.2.6.2 Loss 61.2.6.3 Sorption 71.2.6.4 Recommended Storage 81.2.6.5 Quality Control in Water Sampling 81.3 Sampling Strategies for Different Ecosystems 81.3.1 Lakes and Reservoirs 131.3.2 Streams and Rivers 151.3.2.1 Location of Sampling within the Stream 151.3.2.2 Description of the Longitudinal Gradient 151.3.2.3 Temporal Changes of Water Quality 161.3.2.4 Using Sediments to Integrate over Time 171.3.3 Estuarine and Marine Environments 171.3.4 Urban Areas 181.4 Sampling Equipment 201.4.1 General Comments 201.4.2 Manual Sampling Systems 201.4.2.1 Simple Sampler for Shallow Water 201.4.2.2 Sampler for Large Quantities in Shallow Water 201.4.2.3 Simple Sampler for Deepwater 201.4.2.4 Deepwater Sampler (Not Adding Air to the Sample) 211.4.2.5 Deepwater Sampler for Trace Elements (Allowing Airto Mix with the Sample) 211.4.3 Systems for Sampling the Benthic Boundary Layerat Different Depths 231.4.3.1 Deepwater (>50 m) 231.4.3.2 Shallow Water (<50 m) 231.4.4 Automatic Sampling Systems 231.4.4.1 Sampling Average Concentrations 241.4.4.2 Sampling Average Concentrations-Sampling Buoy 241.4.4.3 Event-Controlled Sampling of Industrial Short-TermContamination 241.4.4.4 Rapid Underway Monitoring 251.4.4.5 Event-Controlled Sampling: Surface Water Runoff fromAgricultural Land 271.4.4.6 Other Considerations Regarding AutomaticSampling Equipment 271.4.5 Extraction Techniques 291.4.5.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Large Volumes 301.4.5.2 Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques 301.4.5.3 Passive Sampler Devices 341.4.6 Concentration of Contaminants in Suspensions and Sediment 381.4.6.1 Suspended Particle Sampler for Small Streams 39Acknowledgment 41References 42The quality of output from an environmental sampling project is limited by whichever isthe weakest component-sampling or analysis. Progress in analytical protocols, includingthe development of new and more sophisticated techniques described elsewhere in thishandbook, results in the taking of samples increasingly becoming the quality-determiningstep in water quality assessment [1,2]. Conclusions based on laboratory results from themost careful analysis of water samples may be invalidated because the original collectionof the samples was inadequate or invalid. Poor sampling design or mistakes in samplingtechnique or sample handling during the sampling process inevitably lead to erroneousresults, which cannot be corrected afterward [3-7]." @default.
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- W369103878 date "2013-07-25" @default.
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- W369103878 title "Sampling Methods in Surface Waters" @default.
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- W369103878 doi "https://doi.org/10.1201/b15314-3" @default.
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