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• W374527114 abstract "The anthropology of Europe has been illustrated with the western idea of modernization, society and individuals. Since society and individuals have been regarded as opposed to each other in the modern era, individualism has become a popular ideology in EuroAmerican society. Louis Dumont defines modern individualism as an idea that puts greatest value on an individual, which is ‘the independent, autonomous, and thus essentially non-social moral being, who carries our paramount values and is found primarily in our modern ideology of man and society’ (Dumont 1986: 25). However, his argument ignores the fact that even in modern society the idea of an independent self carries a negative value as well. This negative aspect of the modern individual is called solitude. It is a term for the asocial person and the requisite of an independent self. What do these conflicting values of the modern individual indicate? One typical example of this lonely, independent and conflictive self is Robinson Crusoe. As is already well known and well argued in social scientific discussions (cf. Marx 1909), Daniel Dafoe’s famous novel The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (Defoe 1719) features the stereotypical character that represents modern capitalism. Surviving a shipwreck, Robinson Crusoe conducts his life in an isolated island in a well disciplined, proper manner for twenty-eight years. For example, he encloses a piece of unowned land and transforms it into a farm so that he can live as civilized a life as possible. He even produces a balance sheet of his life. He is described as having an independent and economic mind. Since self-independence and autonomy are the main characteristics of the modern, western individual of the capitalist era, Robinson Crusoe has been regarded as a symbol of homo economicus (Otsuka 1977). Further to this popular interpretation, the story of Robinson Crusoe is also imbued with the strong sense of loneliness. Crusoe is alone in an isolated island until he finds (what is described as) a savage native, ‘Friday’, and enlightens him. Thus this isolated island became an synonym for solitude. Although Robinson Crusoe’s solitude was physically tangible, solitude is also a condition when a person is ‘socially’ isolated (Shimizu 1999), so that it can be found in modern society, as well. Manabu Shimizu, who argues about solitude from the standpoint of the sociology of emotion, states that ‘the essential quality of solitude lies among “the social”’ (Shimizu 1999: 12). For" @default.
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• W374527114 date "2013-01-31" @default.
• W374527114 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W374527114 title "Halfway Down to Solitude: Ageing as the Process of Engagement/Disengagement through Social Welfare in Finland" @default.
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