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• W39183740 abstract "For generations Poles had been a sort of embarrassment for Russian nationalism. Indeed the core of Russian nationalism since the middle of the nineteenth century was an idea of Slavophilism. This ideology (as many others) was inconsistent. On the one hand their representatives emphasized Orthodoxy as the essential characteristic of the Slav, credited for the Slavs' benign characteristics. On the other hand, the very term Slavophilism implied that the benign characteristics of the Slavs stemmed from their ethnicity which had nothing to do with Orthodoxy. This explanation also implied the political unity of the Slavs, or at least their mutual gravitation to each other, and here Poles were an endless embarrassment. The Slavophiles were quite virulent in their attacks on the Poles. According to Iurii F. Samarin, was transformed into a sharp wedge driven by Latinism into the very heart of the Slavonic soul with the aim of splitting it into fragments.(1) Nikolai Ia. Danilevsky, the late Slavophile, dubbed the Jesuitical gentry state of Poland and that Judas of Slavdom, which he compared to a hideous tarantula greedily devouring its eastern neighbor but unaware that its own body is being eaten by its neighbors.(2) Fedor I. Tiutchev, one of the leading Russian poets, also called Poles Judas of Slavdom.(3) Since their incorporation in the Russian Empire, Poles had been adamantly hostile to the Russian monarchy and rose against it several times.(4) The hostility between the Russian government and Poles continued into the twentieth century, with the Poles giving a hard time to the Russian government. Russian was the place of an uprising during the 1905 Revolution and continued to bother the Russian monarchy in the following years of reaction. Yet the government could now more easily articulate its hostility toward the Poles. The point here was the changes in the ideological stands of Russian officialdom--departure from Slavophilism to Westernism/ Occidentalism. Russian Westernism had emerged in the early nineteenth century together with Slavophilism, albeit the root of this phenomenon could be founded in Petrine reforms in the beginning of the eighteenth century. While Slavophilism emphasized the basic difference of Slavs--and Russians first of all as the leaders of the Slavs--from the rotten West, Westernism emphasized the basic similarities between Russia and the West. Westernism had a steady gain and by the beginning of the twentieth century dominated Russian intellectual life. The rise of the influence of Russian Westernism was not only due to the changes in the country, i.e., the transformation of the country's economic and social condition and the general growth of military power, viewed as an essentially western phenomenon, but was caused by a more general process of worldwide dimensions. Indeed the beginning of the twentieth century was a time of unconditional global domination by the West. It was economic, political and ideological domination. The ideology of geopolitical claims was contradictory. On the one hand, it was quite pragmatic. The European powers did not exhibit any particularly tender feelings toward each other. While emphasizing the importance of international law in international discourse, they maintained that it was the consideration of political pragmatism which should guide their behavior. On the other hand, the growing international tension and preparation for war caused the European powers to bring moral arguments into their geopolitical claims. While in the late nineteenth century morality and civilization were arguments used to differentiate Europeans from non-Europeans, especially Africans (and indeed these argument were important justification for colonial expansion), in the beginning of the twentieth century the situation changed.(5) From then on European powers challenged each other, and civilization and morality were increasingly the faculties of individual countries or groups of nations bound by treaties, but not of all Europeans. …" @default.
• W39183740 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W39183740 date "1999-03-22" @default.
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• W39183740 title "Reassessment of the Relationship: Polish History and the Polish Question in the Imperial Duma" @default.
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