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• W39455526 abstract "TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. SECTION 924(c) A. History of the Statute B. Proving the Elements of [section] 924(c) II. AGENTS RAMOS AND COMPEAN A. The Altercation, Trial, and Appeal B. Congressional and Public Reaction III. PROPOSED CHANGE A. The Michigan Statute B. The Proposed Amendment to [section] 924(c) 1. Law Enforcement Officer 2. Qualified To Carry the Firearm When the Crime Is Committed 3. Acting in the Performance of His Duties a. Crimes of Violence i. Conduct That Would Fall Under the Exemption ii. Conduct That May Fall Under the Exemption iii. Conduct That Would Fall Outside the Exemption b. Drug Trafficking Crimes i. Conduct That May Fall Under the Exemption ii. Conduct That Would Fall Outside the Exemption C. Recent Congressional Proposals IV. WHY POLICE SHOULD RECEIVE AN EXEMPTION A. Police/Criminal Distinction B. Police Must Use Force C. Alternate Liabilities for Police V. ARGUMENTS AGAINST ALTERING [section] 924(c) A. Statutory Protections Already in Place 1. Drug Trafficking Crimes 2. Crime of Violence B. Jurors Believe Police C. Prosecutorial Discretion 1. Crime of Violence: Wrongful Shooting 2. Drug Trafficking: Escorting Drugs 3. Acting Outside Official Duties: Personal Vendetta D. Police Believe They Are Above the Law VI. FEDERAL SENTENCING GUIDELINES CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION On January 19, 2009, President George W. Bush commuted the prison sentences of two Border Patrol agents. (1) The agents were convicted of shooting and wounding a drug smuggler who had attempted to escape arrest and flee to Mexico. (2) The two agents, Ignacio Ramos and Jose Compean, were convicted not only of assault and related charges but also of violating what is commonly referred to as [section] 924(c), a federal statute that imposes a mandatory minimum sentence for involvement of a firearm in a crime of violence or drug trafficking crime. (3) Although the President believed the agents deserved to be punished, he also believed the sentences, which exceeded ten years, were excessive. (4) Agents Ramos and Compean's prosecution sparked outrage among members of Congress. (5) Their anger was not solely because the agents were prosecuted for shooting a drug smuggler while attempting to arrest him; such prosecutions are not unheard of. (6) What sparked much of the outrage in Ramos and Compean's case was the fact that, beyond charges for assault and denial of civil rights, the agents were additionally charged under [section] 924(c), which carried a mandatory ten-year sentence. (7) Although this prosecution brought the issue of [section] 924(c) charges against police officers to the forefront, numerous officers have been charged under the statute. When [section] 924(c) was originally enacted, police officers were exempt from punishment under the statute when they carried a firearm during a felony, but could be punished if they used a firearm, for instance by firing it. (8) Later, [section] 924(c) was amended to remove any exemption for police officers. This Note proposes that Congress exempt police officers from [section] 924(c) if two conditions are met. First, at the time the underlying crime of violence or drug trafficking crime occurs, the officer must be authorized to carry the firearm either by the local law enforcement agency or by federal statute. Second, the officer must be acting in the performance of his duties. The exemption would apply both to carrying and using a firearm. Part I outlines the history of [section] 924(c) and the evidentiary requirements for conviction. Part II analyzes Ramos and Compean's prosecution, their appeal, and the congressional and public reaction. …" @default.
• W39455526 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W39455526 date "2010-03-01" @default.
• W39455526 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W39455526 title "Exempting Police From 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)" @default.
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