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- W400435099 abstract "Since composition began as a field in the 1960s, academics who specialize in composition and literacy described why composition instruction is inconsistent across the country in grades K through 12 and in higher education (Berlin, 1987; Bloom, Daiker, & White, 1996; Myers, 1996; Strickland & Strickland, 1993). This on the wall is larger now because of these headlines: in Schools Is Found Both Dismal and Neglected in the April 26, 2003 New York Times (Lewin, 2003a); Educators Demand Upgrade in in the May 13, 2003 Washington Post (Strauss); 2Rs Left in High School, Out of Choice or Fatigue, Many Teachers Have Abandoned the Term Paper, Leaving a Hole in College-Bound Students' in the May 19, 2003 LA Times (Hayasaki).Although the April, 2003 report from The National Commission on Writing in America's Schools and Colleges caused these headlines, perhaps composition professionals should anticipated them because of other reports. Consider that, in 2000, the Education Commission of the States released a report on improving teacher quality and advocated for high schools and higher education to coordinate in subjects such as (Basinger, 2000). Consider too that, in 2001, the National Commission on the HighSchool Senior Year issued this finding: Only 44% of freshmen completed college preparatory curriculum in high school that positions them to succeed in college (Kellogg, 2001).Then, as 2003 approached, a 6-year national study directed by Stanford University was concluding which claimed: Many states a disconnect between the requirements for graduation from public high schools and the requirements for acceptance at state universities (Rooney, 2003, p. 1). In the words of one participating educator, high school graduates come and take our placement test and they're still in pre-college reading, writing, and math (Rooney, p. 2).Also in 2003, an 18-member commission, assembled by Pew Charitable Trusts and the Association of American Universities, sent every high school in the country a booklet of education standards-that includes for student writing-so that a long overdue link between high-school and university standards may be established (Potter, 2003, p. 1). According to an English teacher participating in the development of the standards, presently the standardized tests...don't do an effective job of measuring whether a student is mastering the process of writing (Hebel, 2001, p. 2). All these reports imply that, as a nation, instructors teach inconsistently if not poorly, but the reports also highlight the need and importance of accurate placement in college developmental English courses.Recently, placement tests for basic or composition courses typically been either of these multiple-choice exams: the SAT or ACT (Abraham, 1986; Bernstein, 2001; Carter, 1991; Wiener, 1989). Beginning in 1901, the SAT was a written exam(s), but, as the influence of psychometricians grew in 1926, the SAT became a multiple-choice test (Young, 2003, pp. 21-22). Between 1977 and 1996, moreover, the College Board offered a SAT II test with a timed-essay section besides offering the SAT I test as a multiple-choice test (Young, 2003, p. 22). The current popularity of timed-essay exams is demonstrated by several events. In 1994, the exam became a mandatory part of the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) (Bridgeman & McHaIe, 1998). The timed-essay exam will be a mandatory part of SAT I in 2005 (Hoover, 2002) and an optional part of the ACT test in 2004 (Young, 2002). These changes by the College Board and ACT, Inc. may be a response to pressure from Richard C. Atkinson, president of the University of California system, because that system has been the largest single consumer of SAT tests (Cavanagh, 2002; Hoover, 2002; Lewin, 2002b). It also may be related to proponents of direct assessment (Cooper, 1977; Grcenberg, Wiener, & Donovan, 1986; Wolcott & Legg, 1998) who have argued that multiple choice tests of ability are more reliable, but less valid, when compared to direct assessment procedures like holistic scoring [of timed essays] (Williamson, 1994, p. …" @default.
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- W400435099 date "2004-10-01" @default.
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- W400435099 title "Basic Writing Placement with Holistically Scored Essays: Research Evidence." @default.
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