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• W404497239 abstract "This study aimed to achieve a better understanding of microbial adaptations in sea icefocusing on the physiological role of the light harvesting proton pumpproteorhodopsin. To carry out these aims the research mainly focused on exploring thegenome biology, physiology and life strategy of the model sea-ice bacterial speciesPsychroflexus torquis, an extremely psychrophilic member of the familyFlavobacteriaceae (phylum Bacteroidetes). P. torquis has a bipolar distribution and isonly known to occur in polar sea-ice and associated polar waters. It possessesproteorhodopsin and is believed to have a predominantly epiphytic lifestyle, mainlydwelling on sea-ice diatoms in sea-ice basal assemblages. This study extensively used gel-free label-free based proteomic approach to explore P. torquis’ genome biologyand unravel the role of proteorhodopsin in aiding the species adaptation to theextreme sea ice environment. Sea ice has been estimated to have only become a stable feature on Earth in the lastfew million years ago thus it has been hypothesized that bacteria adapted to sea-iceacquired or exchange survival traits via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between othersea ice dwelling microorganisms relatively recently. To examine the question whethersea-ice bacteria, such as P. torquis are endemic and display sea ice-ecosystemspecialism a comparison of P. torquis’ genome to its very closely related (99% 16SrRNA gene sequence similarity) sister species, P. gondwanensis ACAM 44T, which isonly known to dwell in Antarctic hypersaline lakes, was performed. This comparison allowed for the determination of the level of HGT, what traits show evidence of HGT,what traits are relevant to the sea-ice ecosystem, and whether these genes are highlyexpressed, which would be indicative of their biological importance to P. torquis. Theresults show that in P. torquis ATCC 700755T (genome size 4.3 Mbp) HGT hasoccurred much more extensively compared to P. gondwanensis (genome size 3.3 Mbp)and genetic features that can be linked as a sea ice specific adaptation are mainlyconcentrated on numerous genomic islands absent from P. gondwanensis. Genesencoding sea-ice ecosystem relevant traits, such as secreted exopolysaccharide,poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and ice binding proteins, form gene clusters on a numberof these genomic islands. Proteomic analysis revealed that the encoded proteins formany sea-ice relevant traits are highly abundant under standard laboratory growthconditions. The genomic islands feature comparatively low gene density, a highconcentration of pseudogenes, repetitive genetic elements, and addiction modules,indicative of large scale HGT either via phage or conjugation driven insertions.Theoverall results suggest the extensive level and nature of gene acquisition in P. torquisindicates its potential evolution to sea-ice ecosystem specialism. In that respect P.torquis seems to be an excellent model to study sea-ice functional biology. The initialscreening of the P. torquis ATCC 700755T genome revealed the presence of aproteorhodopsin gene. Previous studies have demonstrated proteorhodopsin-basedphototrophy can enhance bacterial growth and survival during nutrient-stressconditions. But proteorhodopsins are widespread in natural environments and theseenvironments may have other stress conditions for which proteorhodopsin can be advantageous. So it can be hypothesized that proteorhodopsin may providegrowth/survival advantage under stress conditions that are associated with a specificeconiche. Growth studies on proteorhodopsin-containing P. torquis have demonstratedfor the first time that light-stimulated growth can be linked to salinity stress ratherthan nutrient limitation. In addition, proteorhodopsin abundance and associatedproton-pumping ability is also salinity dependent. The results extend the existinghypothesis that light can provide energy for marine prokaryotes throughproteorhodopsin under stress conditions other than nutrient stress. To gain a deeper insight into the physiological role of proteorhodopsin and the lifestrategy of P. torquis, a gel-free label-free quantitative proteomic approach was used.Proteome analysis revealed how P. torquis responded to different salinity andillumination levels by regulating its energy generation, nutrient uptake transporters,adhesion ability and gliding motility. The protein expression patterns of P. torquisindicates that it can use light to gain an advantage in colonizing phytoplanktonicsurfaces, taking up more nutrients, and optimizing energy production. This studyprovided a comprehensive understanding of life style in sea ice and also partlyrevealed the physiological role of proteorhodopsin and its complex interrelationships." @default.
• W404497239 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W404497239 creator A5014234201 @default.
• W404497239 date "2014-09-01" @default.
• W404497239 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W404497239 title "Is Proteorhodopsin a general light-driven stress adaptation system for survival in cold environments" @default.
• W404497239 hasPublicationYear "2014" @default.
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