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- W40804831 abstract "Schultz, E. & Joutti, A. 2007. Arsenic Ecotoxicity in Soils. Geological Survey of Finland, Miscellaneous Publications, 53 pages, 13 figures, and 10 tables. Part A of this report is a literature survey on arsenic ecotoxicity in terrestrial environments and Part B describes the results of ecotoxicologial studies from the RAMAS project. Results of the ecotoxicological studies will be used in the ecological risk assessment of arsenic in the Pirkanmaa region. Arsenic is a relatively common, toxic, carcinogenic metalloid that poses a significant environmental health hazard. The largest current anthropogenic use of arsenic in Finland is as a wood preservative in the form of chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Arsenic occurs in several forms, often in compounds with other chemical elements. Arsenic as a soil contaminant has different chemical fractions depending on the contamination and soil type. Some of these chemical fractions of arsenic are bioavailable and can be absorbed by organisms that are dependent on soil physicochemical conditions (e.g. soil texture, soil type, particle size, cation exchange capacity, pH, temperature, amount of organic matter, phosphate content,). The determination of the total chemical contents is not sufficient to evaluate the ecological risk of arsenic, and bioassays are useful tools in monitoring the effects of soil contamination. Solid phase or direct contact bioassays are suitable and practical for testing arsenic effects in terrestrial environments. These tests describe the direct biological effects of arsenic between soil and test organisms. Bioassays with earthworms and germination tests with plants represent solid phase tests. Earthworms are the key organisms responsible for the mixing of soil constituents, maintaining the fertility and structure of soils and recycling nutrients. Terrestrial plants are the primary producers, supporting all other life forms. These characteristics make earthworms and terrestrial plants representative organisms for monitoring and assessment of soil quality. In the experimental part of this study, the objective was to examine arsenic contaminated soil sites with both chemical and ecotoxicological methods. Nineteen soil samples were collected from an old wood preservation plant, a mine tailings area and from areas where the natural background concentrations of arsenic are high. The total arsenic concentrations extracted with aqua regia varied from 3 mg/kg in natural soils to more than 4000 mg/kg in contaminated soils. The fraction of arsenic leached by ammonium acetate-EDTA, which is supposed to reflect the bioavailability, was 7 % for CCA –soils, 25 % for mine tailing samples and less than 3mg/kg for natural soils. The bioavailable fraction of arsenic was extracted with solution. For ecotoxicity testing, two plant solid phase tests or germination tests (ryegrass Lolium multiflorum and lettuce Lactuca sativa) were used. The germination tests showed that rye grass germination was not significantly affected by the samples but the effects on lettuce germination were more evident (inhibition up to 70 %). Two survival and reproduction tests of soil invertebrates (earthworms Eisenia fetida and pot worm Enchytraeus albidus) were also used for soil samples. Earthworms were more sensitive than enchytraeids. CCA soils were the most toxic, and even natural soils showed some effects. Samples from mine tailing area were difficult to assay, because earthworms did not thrive in the material without dilution. Aquatic bioassays describe the leaching potential of water-soluble arsenic compounds. Two aquatic tests, duckweed (Lemna minor) growth inhibition and an enzymatic in vitro test RET (reverse electron transport) test were used. Duckweed plants are small free floating plants, which take all nutrients directly from the water. Electron transport is a chain of reactions essential for energy production in the mitochondria of living cells. CCA soil and mine tailing samples significantly inhibited duckweed growth, while. the natural soils had only a minor effect. Almost all samples, especially CCA soils, were inhibited in the RET test. In summary, CCA soils were the most toxic samples in both the solid phase tests and aquatic tests. E-mail: Eija.Schultz@ymparisto.fi" @default.
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- W40804831 date "2007-01-01" @default.
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- W40804831 title "Arsenic Ecotoxicity in Soils" @default.
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