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• W41134560 startingPage "531" @default.
• W41134560 abstract "When studying the history of East and Central European nations and statesmen and the political thoughts produced by the latter, one often encounters a basic stereotype. It matters little if the person in question was liberal or conservative-minded, a communist or fascist by conviction, a member of ruling--or oppositional--parties in the Polish or Czech nation or any other nationality or ethnic group. When he explains the tribulations of his respective group, he will often blame influential persons, social groups or impersonal factors such as ideologies or prejudices for the troubles, never his own kind. No matter if the explanations include detailed, well-though-out analyses, or they are composed of superficial polemical arguments or simply cursory remarks. The result is often the same; a scapegoat is found. Here I will attempt to provide a short survey of the process resulting in the creation of such stereotypes in modern East and Central Europe and will include a few case studies in my discussion. Focusing my attention on scapegoating does not mean, of course, that such a process would be the privilege of East Central European thinkers alone. Neither is scapegoating the only characteristic framework of the arguments of political thinkers in the region. The significance of this topic lies in current experiences. Since the annus mirabilis of 1989, several peoples, including the Croats, Hungarians, Slovaks, Slovenians, Macedonians, to mention only a few living in the region can, for the first time, give national self-determination a real chance. However, their scope of action is circumscribed by numerous external and internal factors. The small nations of the region face many obstacles and will undoubtedly experience many more failures than expected during their development. The problems include declining living standards, widespread corruption, the lack of economic and political, not to speak of moral and military, aid by the West. The consequent absence of a truly promising prospect for the future contribute to the emergence of allegedly clear-cut monocausal explanations. Before substantial progress can be achieved the cohesion of small societies in East and Central Europe would have to be restored and strengthened. The problem is underlined by the fact that single-cause explanations are inducive to the creation of scapegoats. Before I turn to a discussion of specific cases, however, I would like to clarify the original, classical Biblical meaning of the concept of the scapegoat and review the currently available socio-psychological interpretations of this concept. This will provide a conceptual framework for our investigation. THE SCAPEGOAT IN THE OLD TESTAMENT The Old Testament presents the story of the scapegoat in the Book of Leviathans.(1) According to the story, the Lord commands Aaron to Come into the holy place with a young bull for a sin offering [that is, for the sins of himself and his people], and a ram for a burnt offering. And he shall take for the congregation of the people of Israel two male goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering. And Aaron shall offer the bull as a sin offering for himself and shall make atonement for himself and his house. Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering which is for the people ... thus he shall make atonement for the holy place.... And when he has made an end of atoning for the holy place and the tent of the meeting and the altar, he shall present the live goat and Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat and confess over him all the iniquities of the people of Israel and all their transgressions, all their sins, and he shall put them upon the head of the goat and send him away into the wilderness.... The goat shall bear all their iniquities upon him to a solitary land.... It is obvious from this that there can be no scapegoat without a sense of guilt and guilt comes from breaking the law. …" @default.
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• W41134560 date "1998-12-22" @default.
• W41134560 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W41134560 title "Atonement and Sacrifice: Scapegoats in Modern Eastern and Central Europe" @default.
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