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• W4200333400 abstract "Your Patriotism Will Not Protect You: Anti-Masking Movements and the “War on Terror” Yoshiko Iwai (bio), Zahra Khan (bio), and Sayantani DasGupta (bio) “The war has changed,” declared an internal Center for Disease Control (CDC) document cited in The Washington Post on July 29, 2021.1 The Post article describes the CDC’s new guidance, including mask-wearing practices, as “a strategic retreat in the face of the delta variant.” Rather than framing the change in policy as proactive and logical scientific practice in the face of an evolving health threat, this language invokes all mitigation practices—including vaccinations, social distancing, and masking—as a militaristic “retreat.” The imagery is binary, one of victories and losses such that public health efforts, including masks, are associated with shame, if not outright defeat. Military metaphors have long been ubiquitous in medicine. Chemotherapy “carpet bombs” cancer, doctors and nurses are “heroes on the front lines,” while disease, and oftentimes patients, become “the enemy.” Susan Sontag famously discussed the problems of this metaphorical language in Illness as Metaphor, and this framing has become even more dangerous in the COVID-19 pandemic.2 The authors of this essay previously discussed the dangers of the militaristic #healthcareheroes metaphor that emerged in the COVID-19 era.3 We examined how this metaphor became a call for self-sacrifice on the part of healthcare workers while they lacked essential personal protective equipment (PPE), and yet were celebrated with costly military flyovers. For us, military metaphors of healthcare heroism not only demanded self-sacrifice, and even death, but framed any critique of “fighting on the frontlines” as unpatriotic, such that physicians and nurses publicly discussing workplace safety and PPE shortages risked being seen as traitorous to [End Page 212] their profession and to the nation-state. While military metaphors, and metaphors in medicine in general, can be used to arouse and heighten sensorial or emotional experiences, they are often at the expense of the nuance that is required to implement public health measures that function beyond the scope of political parties. Military metaphors also invoke xenophobia, whereby borders—either nationalistic or corporeal—must be protected from external enemies. Yet, masks, which very literally protect the corporeal borderland of the nasopharynx from the virus, have become coded as anti-American and a symbolic attack on individual freedom.4 Over the past months, some groups of anti-maskers and anti-vaxxers have joined together to defend their self-interests, emphasizing personal choice and freedom, and using misinformation to misrepresent science. This has raised significant concern among the medical and scientific communities over the spread of the delta variant.5 While we acknowledge that many historically marginalized communities have reason to be skeptical of medicine, in the space of this brief essay, we would like to address a particular community: virulent anti-maskers who have framed masks as a sort of terroristic threat to the nation-state. The anti-masking movement arrived with COVID-19. Media coverage of quarantine protestors showed them wearing camouflage gear and bulletproof vests, armed with nooses, axes, and guns, protesting mask-wearing mandates.6 While former President Trump repeatedly pointed fingers at China, and COVID-related anti-Asian hate crimes rose in the U.S., these protesters carried to the fore of American consciousness racist imagery and slogans, including, “Muzzles are for dogs and slaves, I am a free human being” and the infamous Nazi phrase from Auschwitz, “Arbeit Macht Frei.”7 Although some healthcare workers stood in counter-protest to these events, they were verbally attacked, abused, and intimidated. One illustrative photograph, taken by Alyson McClaran, captures an irate, unmasked white woman leaning out of an SUV with a sign that reads “Land of the Free,” actively berating a nurse in scrubs and a mask as he stands quietly at an intersection in Arizona. Among the abuses this woman apparently hurled at the nurse was the racist suggestion to “Go back to China.”8 How can we understand this troubling movement? In “Of Ziplock Bags and Black Holes: The Aesthetics of Transparency in the War on Terror,” Rachel Hall argues that the aesthetics of transparency belongs to governments who “understand security in terms of visibility..." @default.
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• W4200333400 title "Your Patriotism Will Not Protect You: Anti-Masking Movements and the “War on Terror”" @default.
• W4200333400 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/lm.2021.0019" @default.
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