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• W42018214 abstract "Investigating a species’ phylogeography and population structure at different spatial and temporal scales can improve understanding of both contemporary and historic movement patterns, yet patterns at these very different scales are rarely studied together. Eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) are an ideal species in which to study those large-scale and local patterns. Study of Plio-Pleistocene refugia in Australia has mostly been limited to rainforest species and habitat with almost no knowledge about coastal mesic refugia involving the type of habitat preferred by kangaroos. At local and contemporary scales, dispersal patterns in kangaroos are unclear due to contrasting evidence but comprehending those patterns is essential for understanding both the species’ social system and range-wide distribution. My aims were (1) to carry out a more detailed phylogeographic analysis of eastern grey kangaroos than had previously been done, concentrating on a region in southeast Queensland that likely contained a mosaic of rainforest and mesic-habitat refugia during the Pleistocene, and (2) to test for the presence of sex-biased dispersal in eastern grey kangaroos, focusing on two populations in southeast Queensland, using genic and genotypic markers.To investigate movement patterns of kangaroos over their evolutionary history, I sequenced 570 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 214 faecal samples collected in eastern Australia, incorporating these with sequences from a previous dataset. A total of 317 individuals produced 111 haplotypes which formed five supported clades in a phylogenetic analysis: a Northern clade consisting of individuals from Queensland and northern New South Wales; a clade restricted to individuals from the Sunshine Coast area of southeast Queensland; a widespread, southerly clade with individuals from Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales; and two clades of individuals from New South Wales. The Sunshine Coast clade was 5% divergent from the Northern clade and 7% divergent from the NSW clades. This level of divergence across short geographic distances and support in the phylogenetic tree suggested that the Sunshine Coast region was a refugium of mesic, open woodland habitat that became isolated among rainforest. Using a Bayesian isolation with migration model with a maximum splitting time between eastern and western grey kangaroos of 4.4 million years ago (mya), the Sunshine Coast clade was estimated to have diverged approximately 2.6 mya. This coincides with a period of extensive rainforest vegetation in the late Pliocene, evidenced by pollen records.Contemporary dispersal patterns in this species were investigated at a very localised scale. Based on behavioural studies and dispersal patterns of similar species, I hypothesised that a population at Sundown National Park in southern Queensland and another population at Elanda Point on the Sunshine Coast of southeast Queensland would exhibit male-biased dispersal and female philopatry. Samples from 25 female and 23 male kangaroos at Sundown NP and 18 males and 22 females at Elanda Point were sequenced for 638 bp of the mtDNA control region and genotyping at 8–12 microsatellite loci, as well as 18 males and 22 females from Elanda Point. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the mtDNA were higher in males than females within each population (Sundown NP: hmale = 0.83, πmale = 0.023, hfemale = 0.42, πfemale = 0.012; Elanda Point: hmale = 0.68, πmale = 0.044, hfemale = 0.33; πfemale = 0.001) indicating a wider range of maternal lineages in males. Within Sundown NP, females exhibited three haplotypes and males showed those three plus five additional haplotypes while there were three haplotypes at Elanda Point with only one exclusive to males. There was significant genetic differentiation in the mtDNA between the sexes in Sundown NP (FST = 0.07; ΦST = 0.19) but not Elanda Point (FST = 0.05; ΦST = 0.19) and mean relatedness across microsatellite loci was significantly higher in females than expected by random in both populations (Sundown NP: rfemale = 0.17; Elanda Point: rfemale = 0.004) but significantly lower in males only at Sundown NP (Sundown NP: rmale = –0.08; Elanda Point: rmale = -0.03). In both populations, there was no significant difference between the sexes based on population assignment indices. These data supported the male-biased dispersal hypothesis for these populations. My thesis provides novel information regarding mesic-habitat refugia in Australia and confirms male-biased dispersal in eastern grey kangaroos. This knowledge can assist in understanding the species’ evolutionary history. The substantial divergence of the Sunshine Coast clade suggests dispersal into/out of the mesic habitat refugium was likely limited by expanding rainforest; periods of connectivity with the refugium were perhaps not reflected in the mtDNA lineages because males are the primary dispersers. The current connectivity is recent enough that outside haplotypes are not yet abundant in the region. Understanding movements of kangaroos at these spatial and temporal scales can help predict how kangaroos will react to future habitat loss and climate change." @default.
• W42018214 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W42018214 creator A5008887304 @default.
• W42018214 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W42018214 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W42018214 title "Movement patterns at differing spatial and temporal scales in a large macropod species, the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus)" @default.
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