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• W420184611 abstract "Bhutan’s unique ‘controlled tourism’ model is based on the principals of Gross National Happiness (GNH). GNH offers an alternative indicator to a nation’s developmental outcomes. The traditional development indicator of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures only economic outputs of nations. The GNH measurement indicators include: 1. Conservation and preservation of the natural environment; 2. Cultivation and promotion of culture; 3. Good governance, and 4. Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development. The GNH Tourism Model has a minimum tariff system, that promotes the notion of ‘high value, low volume’ catering to limited, high-end tourists. The aim of the paper is to examine Bhutan’s tourism governance that focuses on the business of sustainable tourism. Using Foucault’s theory of ‘governmentality’ (Foucault & Senellart, 2008), the purpose is to highlight the shifts in policy directions of the ‘controlled tourism’ model from ‘high value, low volume’ to ‘high value, low impact’ (Tourism Council of Bhutan, 2009), that reflects a push for economic growth and increase in tourist numbers that is incongruent with the holistic GNH philosophy. A grounded theory methodology (Glaser & Strauss, 1973, Strauss & Corbin, 1990), applying a social constructivism approach (Charmaz, 2000), through interviews provide empirical data from 36 tourism stakeholders. Two key findings indicate the unwelcomed tourist increases because firstly, the existing infrastructure cannot cope with the increases, and second, the lure of economic development compromises the GNH philosophy. The paper offers tourism scholarship through critical discourse of the GNH Tourism Model for the greater ‘common good’ (Etzioni, 2004), and how this translates into a holistic model in the business of sustainable tourism. A limitation of the study is the population size and the urban representation. Further research is recommended on the impacts of increasing tourist numbers in rural Bhutan." @default.
• W420184611 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W420184611 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W420184611 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W420184611 title "The governmentality approach to the business of sustainable tourism: Bhutan’s tourism governance, policy and planning" @default.
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