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- W4205230537 abstract "The toxicity of barium compounds depends on their solubility. The free ion is readily absorbed by the lung or gastrointestinal tract. After gastrointestinal absorption, barium mainly accumulates in the skeleton. Barium sulfate, which is used for medical purposes, remains essentially unabsorbed and is unlikely to cause adverse effects. The kidney seems to be the most sensitive target organ in rats and mice after long-term exposure to barium chloride in drinking water. No evidence of carcinogenic activity of barium chloride was found in rats or mice after administration via drinking water. Poisoning with soluble barium compounds has resulted from accidental or suicidal ingestion or when barium sulfate, used as an opaque contrast medium for X-ray studies of the gastrointestinal tract, has been contaminated with soluble barium. In the Szechuan province of China, a subacute form of barium poisoning (pa-ping) was endemic because of the use of contaminated table salt. Barium is a physiological antagonist of potassium. The mechanism of action is through blocking passive efflux potassium channels, resulting in an increase of intracellular potassium and extracellular hypokalemia. Symptoms of acute barium poisoning include gastrointestinal, cardiac and skeletomuscular stimulation followed by paralysis in severe cases. Barium poisoning is accompanied by severe hypokalemia, and potassium infusion is often an effective antidote. If administered promptly, soluble sulfates are also an effective antidote. Inhalation of barium sulfate dust causes a benign pneumoconiosis (“baritosis”), with no impairment of pulmonary function. Inhaled barium sulfate nanoparticles are cleared quickly from the lungs in rats, and cause minimal pulmonary response and no systemic toxicity. Reviews on barium toxicology were written by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2001, 2016), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2005), and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 2007)." @default.
- W4205230537 created "2022-01-25" @default.
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- W4205230537 date "2022-01-01" @default.
- W4205230537 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W4205230537 title "Barium" @default.
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- W4205230537 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822946-0.00003-9" @default.
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