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• W4205384343 endingPage "138" @default.
• W4205384343 startingPage "49" @default.
• W4205384343 abstract "Targeting nanoparticle (NP) carriers to sites of disease is critical for their success as drug delivery systems. Along with optimization of physicochemical properties, researchers have focused on NP surface modification with biological ligands. Such ligands can bind specific receptors on target cell surfaces. Furthermore, biological ligands can facilitate the uptake of modified NPs, known as “active targeting” of NPs. Active targeting agents can selectively transport NPs into the tumor mass, and they bind to molecules expressed on the cancer cell surface with high affinity, leading to endocytosis-mediated cell uptake. The surface-functionalized nanocarrier using specific ligands complements the passive targeting approach to improve the efficiency of nanocarrier delivery and tumor localization. We have divided active targeting into two major groups: General approach of active targeting—conventional methods of active targeting consist of targeting molecules or receptors that are overexpressed in selected types of cancers. They can be categorized into three subsets: (i) targetable factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as hypoxia, pH; (ii) targetable molecules on the surface of tumor integrins; and (iii) targetable molecules on/in the cancer cells themselves, such as the transferrin receptor and folate receptor. Specific approach of active targeting—the TME is characterized by altered functions in ECM molecules, vascularized stroma, lymphatic networks, and abnormal cell phenotypes. The molecular imaging of specific cancer cell types plays a critical role in tumor detection. Depending on the type and stage of cancer, various antigens or receptors are overexpressed on cancer cell surfaces and can be used in ligand-mediated targeted tumor imaging. Ligand targeting increases interactions between the contrast agent and targeted cells and enhances the cell internalization of the agent without altering the overall biodistribution. There are two types of cancer-specific ligands: (i) serum markers, which are mostly used to monitor patients with already diagnosed disease, predict response to therapy, and determine prognosis; and (ii) markers that exist within the tumor tissue (cell surface) and are used for molecular imaging and cancer detection." @default.
• W4205384343 created "2022-01-25" @default.
• W4205384343 creator A5004589871 @default.
• W4205384343 creator A5013470487 @default.
• W4205384343 creator A5013527852 @default.
• W4205384343 creator A5066130244 @default.
• W4205384343 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4205384343 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W4205384343 title "Tumor-specific imaging probes in preclinical applications and clinical trials" @default.
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